I need to buy a few logic ICs. Which family should I get? HC? HCT? Which kind is best to have lying around in a parts box, for maximum compatibility with unpredictable future projects? Wide supply range, no extreme frequency requirements, etc. Schmitt inputs? Open outputs?
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3\$\begingroup\$ Bare FETs, baby! Make your own input conditioning, level shifting, and output drivers, not to mention custom logic! :) I kid, I kid... \$\endgroup\$– tybluCommented Mar 6, 2011 at 20:46
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\$\begingroup\$ What voltage do you need? \$\endgroup\$– Brian CarltonCommented Mar 7, 2011 at 3:14
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1\$\begingroup\$ @Brian: I don't know. The point is to be compatible with a wide range of common voltages for usefulness in future projects. \$\endgroup\$– endolithCommented Mar 7, 2011 at 16:21
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4 Answers
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HC is the most useful. It has a very wide supply voltage range, is easy to interface to most MCUs, has good noise immunity, has plenty of speed, and is widely available. HC is also available as single gates in tiny packages. Forget TTL and LS TTL, no one uses them for new designs these days.
It's also worth learning to use CPLDs, Using them often makes a lot more sense than designing with individual logic chips.
answered Mar 6, 2011 at 20:52
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\$\begingroup\$ Doesn't the CD4000 series have a wider supply range? CPLDs make more sense than 1 or 2 logic ICs? \$\endgroup\$– endolithCommented Mar 8, 2011 at 21:12
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\$\begingroup\$ low-range CPLD are indeed might be more useful than 1-2 complex/rare logic ICs, as availability & price is very stable. \$\endgroup\$ Commented Mar 9, 2011 at 8:56
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\$\begingroup\$ Could you provide additional pointers on getting started with CPLDs? Thank you. \$\endgroup\$– SabuncuCommented May 31, 2015 at 22:14
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\$\begingroup\$ Just buy one of the many kits that are available, such as this one: altera.com/products/boards_and_kits/dev-kits/altera/… \$\endgroup\$ Commented May 31, 2015 at 23:32
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You’ll actually want AHC(T) instead of HC(T). HC(T) is okay, but there is little reason not to choose AHC(T).
Other families I will reject include AC and its low-voltage equivalent, LVC. These families have sub-nanosecond rise times, too fast for a breadboard. I also recommend avoiding the bipolar TTL families, including 7400 TTL, STTL, LSTTL, AS, ALS, F, etc. Bipolar logic has become basically outmoded. And it goes without saying to avoid using any ECL 10k or 100k parts, but those are probably outside of the awareness of most beginner electrical engineers.
20 years ago, TI had the following marketing points for their then-new AHC logic family:
“Graduate to new performance levels with AHC... • 3-times faster than HCMOS • Half the static power consumption of HCMOS • Same low noise as HCMOS ...for the same market price as HCMOS.”
TI’s claims about AHC are correct.
The most important thing to hobbyists is edge rates. They want to be able to use ICs without much or any regard for transmission line effects. Because of their nasty parasitic elements, breadboards demand transition speeds of a few nanoseconds at least. AHC has the same rise and fall times as HC, so the usability on a breadboard is similar.
AHC devices share the wide operating range of HCMOS, but are also 5V-tolerant when run from a lower supply voltage. This is a really useful feature which I have always felt was missing from HCMOS. AHC’s output drive current is slightly greater than HC, but still just 8 mA max at 5V. This contributes to the slow edges and good signal integrity on a breadboard we expect from AHC and HC.
See TI’s full AHC(T) designer’s guide for more details: http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/scla013d/scla013d.pdf
Now, I’ll give some further clarification on the “T” variants: HCT, AHCT, ACT, etc. The “T” stands for TTL-compatible inputs. If the chip is to receive signals from a bipolar TTL device, incl. 7400, 74S, 74LS, 74ALS, 74F, then you must either choose a “T” device, such as HCT, or use a 5V-tolerant non-“T” device run at 3.3V or so, and design your system to accommodate the 3.3V output levels.
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HCT is nice. All the advantages @Leon Heller mentioned, but also TTL compatible inputs. If you need speed, consider ACT. Ti's Logic Guide has lots of details.
answered Mar 6, 2011 at 21:28
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2\$\begingroup\$ There must also be a downside, or HCT would be the only thing that exists. \$\endgroup\$– endolithCommented Mar 7, 2011 at 0:50
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1\$\begingroup\$ ... Then again... Powered at 5 V, HCT will accept logic levels provided by other ICs that use 3.3 V, i.e.: It can be used for interfacing between parts of your circuit that run at different supply voltages. You cant't use the output of 3.3 V logic at the inputs of HC gates that run on 5 V rails. \$\endgroup\$– zebonautCommented Mar 7, 2011 at 6:58
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2\$\begingroup\$ I wonder why there's no family which would behave like HCT when given a 4.5-5.5 volt supply, but which would be specified for operation outside that range [e.g. with VDD/2 specified as representing a logic high]? Such a device would seem useful for easy interfacing between any two "consecutive" voltage levels [3.3V to 5V, or 2V to 3.3V, etc.) \$\endgroup\$– supercatCommented Dec 30, 2013 at 17:36
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1\$\begingroup\$ Some of the technologies have the input voltage thresholds defined as ratios of the supply voltage, others have them a certain number of diode drops above ground (or below Vcc) so the thresholds do not always work if the supply voltage is varied. Some technologies do not drive the high currents that the older technologies required, others drive hard to the rails and this consumes current in some of the other technologies inputs. Great minds have made the best of a messy situation. Modern stuff is mostly CMOS style levels at various voltages. Some designs require the uneven drive to work. \$\endgroup\$– KalleMPCommented Nov 5, 2014 at 14:14
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1\$\begingroup\$ TTL compatible inputs is actually a disadvantage in the general case. The only time that helps is when you are receiving signals driven from true TTL. That's pretty rare these days. \$\endgroup\$ Commented Dec 11, 2017 at 11:39
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With its wide operating voltage and general availability, I'd agree that HC is the most useful family to keep around. If you're working with designs that require very high speed or extremely low power, you're not really in the realm of general purpose anymore.
It is pretty common to run into mixed power supply situations, though, like needing to go from 5V to 3V or vice versa. HC has CMOS inputs and input protection diodes, so it's not a very useful family for logic level translation. You can make 5 to 3 work with input resistors to limit the diode current, but it's not ideal. For 3 to 5, you might just be out of luck.
For 5V to 3V (5V inputs driving a chip powered by 3V), AHC and LVC have 5V tolerant inputs and work well.
For 3V to 5V, you need a family with TTL-compatible inputs, so that the lower 3V signals will satisfy the high input voltage requirement of the 5V powered chips. For that, families like HCT and AHCT are useful.
Unfortunately, there's no general family that can be powered from any voltage and accept inputs of any voltage, although there are plenty of specialized level-shifting buffers (some bi-directional) that have separate power supply pins for just this purpose.
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1\$\begingroup\$ +1 for LVC, they're invaluable for interfacing 5V and 3.3V logic. \$\endgroup\$ Commented Mar 6, 2015 at 4:33
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1\$\begingroup\$ Stay away from LVC on breadboards. It’s too fast. \$\endgroup\$ Commented Dec 11, 2017 at 3:09