article

Free access

Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces

Authors:

Kristin J. Dana,

Bram van Ginneken,

Shree K. Nayar, and

Jan J. KoenderinkAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), Volume 18, Issue 1

Pages 1 - 34

https://doi.org/10.1145/300776.300778

Published: 01 January 1999 Publication History

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the visual appearance of real-world surfaces and the dependence of appearance on the geometry of imaging conditions. We discuss a new texture representation called the BTF (bidirectional texture function) which captures the variation in texture with illumination and viewing direction. We present a BTF database with image textures from over 60 different samples, each observed with over 200 different combinations of viewing and illumination directions. We describe the methods involved in collecting the database as well as the importqance and uniqueness of this database for computer graphics. A related quantity to the BTF is the familiar BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function). The measurement methods involved in the BTF database are conducive to simultaneous measurement of the BRDF. Accordingly, we also present a BRDF database with reflectance measurements for over 60 different samples, each observed with over 200 different combinations of viewing and illumination directions. Both of these unique databases are publicly available and have important implications for computer graphics.

References

[1]

ASTM. Standard E1392-90, Standard practice for angle resolved optical scatter measurements on specular or diffuse surfaces. American Society for Testing and Materials.

[2]

BECKER, B. G. AND MAX, N. L. 1993. Smooth transitions between bump rendering algorithms. Comput. Graph. SIGGRAPH 93, 27, (Aug.), 183-190.

[3]

BETTY, C. L., FUNG, A. K., AND IRONS, J. 1996. The measured polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function of a spectralon calibration target. In Proceedings of IGARSS '96, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Lincoln, NE, May 27-31) 2183-2185.

[4]

BLINN, g. F. 1977. Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures. Comput. Graph. SIGGRAPH 77, 11, (July), 192-198.

[5]

BLINN, J. F. 1978. Simulation of wrinkled surfaces. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 78, 286 -292.

[6]

BORN, M. AND WOLF, E. 1959. Principles of Optics, Pergamon, New York.

[7]

CHATTERJEE, S. 1993. Classification of natural textures using Gaussian Markov random fields. In Markov Random Fields: Theory and Applications, Academic Press, Boston, 159-177.

[8]

DANA, K. J. AND NAYAR, S.K. 1998. Histogram model for 3D textures. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Santa Barbara, CA, June 23-25), 618-624.

[9]

DANA, K. J., VAN GINNEKEN, B., NAYAR, S. K., AND KOENDERINK, J.J. 1996. Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces. Columbia University, Tech. Rep. CUCS-048-96, Dec.

[10]

DANA, K. J., VAN GINNEKEN, B., NAYAR, S. K., AND KOENDERINK, J.J. 1997. Reflectance and texture of real world surfaces. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (San Juan, PR, June 17-19), 151-157.

[11]

DEBEVEC, P. E., TAYLOR, C. J., AND MALIK, J. 1996. Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: A hybrid geometry and image-based approach. Comput. Graph. SIG- GRAPH 96 (Aug.), 11-20.

[12]

VAN GINNEKEN, B., KOENDERINK, J. J., AND DANA, K. J. 1997. Texture histograms as a function of irradiation and viewing direction. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (to appear).

[13]

VAN GINNEKEN, B., STAVRIDI, M., AND KOENDERINK, J.J. 1998. Diffuse and specular reflectance from rough surfaces. Appl. Opt. 37 (Jan.), 130-139.

[14]

GOURAUD, H.1971. Continuous shading of curves surfaces. IEEE Trans. Comput. (June), 623-629.

[15]

HECKBERT, P.S. 1986. A survey of texture mapping. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 6 (Nov.), 56-67.

[16]

HERREN, K.A. 1989. Measurements of polarization scattering in the vacuum ultraviolet. In Polarization Considerations for Optical Systems II, Proceedings of the SPIE (San Diego, CA, Aug. 9-11), Vol. 1166, 33-41.

[17]

HOWARD, T. L., GEORGE, P. M., FLAMMANG, S., AND MOSSMAN, D. 1989. Vacuum BRDF measurements of cryogenic optical surfaces. In Scatter from Optical Components, Proceedings of the SPIE (San Diego, CA, Aug. 8-10), Vol. 1165, 350-359.

[18]

HORN, B. K. P. AND BROOKS, M.J. 1989. Shape from Shading. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[19]

KARNER, K. F., MAYER, H., AND GERVAUTZ, M. 1996. An image based measurement system for anisotropic reflection. Comput. Graph. Forum (EUROGRAPHICS '96) 15, 3 (Aug.), 119-28.

[20]

KASHYAP, R.L. 1984. Characterization and estimation of two-dimensional ARMA models. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theor. IT-30, 5 (Sept.), 736-745.

[21]

KOENDERINK, J. J. AND VAN DOORN, A.J. 1996. Illuminance texture due to surface mesostructure. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 3, 452-463.

[22]

KOENDERINK, J. J., VAN DOORN, A. J., AND STAVRIDI, M. 1996. Bidirectional reflection distribution function expressed in terms of surface scattering modes. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, vol. 2, 28-39.

[23]

KOENDERINK, J. J., VAN DOORN, A. J., DANA, K. J., AND NAYAR, S. K. 1998. Bidirectional reflection distribution function of thoroughly pitted surfaces. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (to appear).

[24]

KRUMM, J. AND SHAFER, S.A. 1995. Texture segmentation and shape in the same image. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision (Cambridge, MA, June 20-23), 121-127.

[25]

LEUNG, T. AND MALIK, J. 1997. On perpendicular texture: Why do we see more flowers in the distance? In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on CVPR (San Juan, PR, June 17-19), 807-813.

[26]

LEWIS, J. P. 1989. Algorithms for solid noise synthesis. Comput. Graph. 23, 3 (July), 263-270.

[27]

LI, Z., FUNG, A. K., GIBBS, D., BETTY, C. L., TJUATJA, S., AND IRONS, J.R. 1994. A modeling study of bidirectional reflectance from soil surfaces. In Proceedings of IGARSS '94, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Pasadena, CA, Aug. 8-12), 1835-1837.

[28]

MARX, E. AND VORBURGER, T. V. 1989. Light scattered by random rough surfaces and roughness determination. In Scatter from Optical Components, Proceedings of the SPIE (Aug.), Vol. 1,165, 72-86.

[29]

NAYAR, S. K. AND OREN, M. 1995. Visual appearance of matte surfaces. Science 267 (Feb.), 1153-1156.

[30]

NAYAR, S. K., IKEUCHI, K., AND KANADE, T. 1991. Surface reflection: Physical and geometrical perspectives. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 13, 7 (July), 611-634.

[31]

NICODEMUS, F.E. 1970. Reflectance nomenclature and directional reflectance and emissivity. Appl. Opt. 9, 1474-1475.

[32]

NICODEMUS, F. E., RICHMON, J. C., HSIA, J. J., GINSBERG, I. W., AND LIMPERIS, T. 1977. Geometric considerations and nomenclature for reflectance. NBS Monograph 160, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Oct.

[33]

NOLIN, A. W., STEFFEN, K., AND DOZIER, J. 1994. Measurement and modeling of the bidirectional reflectance of snow. In Proceedings of IGARSS '94, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Pasadena, CA, Aug. 8-12), 1919-1921.

[34]

OREN, M. AND NAYAR, S.K. 1995. Generalization of the Lambertian model and implications for machine vision. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 14, 227-251.

[35]

PATEL, M. A. S. AND COHEN, F. S. 1992. Shape from texture using Markov random field models and stereo-windows. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on CVPR (Champaign, IL, June 15-18), 290-305.

[36]

PEACHEY, D. R. 1985. Solid texturing of complex surfaces. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1985, Comput. Graph. 19, 279-286.

[37]

PERLIN, K. 1985. An image synthesizer. Comput. Graph. 19, 3 (July), 287-296.

[38]

PERLIN, K. 1989. Hypertexture. Comput. Graph. 23, 3 (July), 253-262.

[39]

PICARD, R. W., KABIR, T., AND LIU, F. 1993. Real-time recognition with the entire Brodatz texture database. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on CVPR (New York, NY, June 15-17), 638-639.

[40]

POULIN, P. AND FOURNIER, A. 1990. A model for anisotropic reflection. Comput. Graph. 24, 4 (Aug.), 273-282.

[41]

SAKAS, G. AND KERNKE, B. 1994. Texture shaping: A method for modeling arbitrarily shaped volume objects in texture space. In Photorealistic Rendering in Computer Graphics, Proceedings of the Second Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Springer-Verlag, New York, 206-218.

[42]

SANDMEIER, S., SANDMEIER, W., ITTEN, K. I., SCHAEPMAN, M. E., AND KELLENBERGER, T. W. 1995. The Swiss field-goniometer system. In Proceedings of IGARSS '95, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (July), 2078-2080.

[43]

SCHLUESSEL, D., DICKINSON, R. E., PRIVETTE, J. L., EMERY, W. J., AND KOKALY, R. 1994. Modeling the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of mixed finite plant canopies and soil. J. Geophys. Res. 99, D5 (May), 10577-600.

[44]

STAVRIDI, M., VAN GINNEKEN, B., AND KOENDERINK, J.J. 1997. Surface bidirectional reflection distribution function and the texture of bricks and tiles. Appl. Opt. 36, 16 (June), 3717-3725.

[45]

STOVER, J.C. 1989. Scatter from optical components: An overview. In Scatter from Optical Components, Proceedings of the SPIE (San Francisco, CA, Aug. 8-10), Vol. 1165, 2-9.

[46]

SUEN, P. AND HEALEY, G. 1998. Analyzing the bidirectional texture function. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on CVPR (San Diego, CA, June 23-25), 753-758.

[47]

SUPER, B. J. AND BOVIK, A.C. 1995. Shape from texture using local spectral moments. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 17, 333-343.

[48]

TAGARE, H. D. AND DEFIGUEIREDO, R. J. P. 1993. A framework for the construction of reflectance maps for machine vision. CVGIP: Image Understand. 57, 3 (May), 265-282.

[49]

TORRANCE, K. E. AND SPARROW, E.M. 1967. Theory for off-specular reflection from roughened surfaces. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 9, 1105-1114.

[50]

WANG, L. AND HEALEY, G. 1996. Illumination and geometry invariant recognition of texture in color images. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on CVPR (San Francisco, CA, June 18-20), 419-424.

[51]

WARD, G.J. 1992. Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection. Comput. Graph. 26, 2, ACM SIGGRAPH (July), 265-272.

[52]

WESTIN, S. H., ARVO, J. R., AND TORRANCE, K.E. 1992. Predicting reflectance functions from complex surfaces. Comput. Graph. 26, 2, ACM SIGGRAPH (July), 255-263.

[53]

WOLFF, L. B. 1994. A diffuse reflectance model for smooth dielectrics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A--Special Issue on Physics Based Machine Vision (Nov.), 2956-2968.

[54]

WOODHAM, R.J. 1980. Photometric methods for determining surface orientation from multiple images. Opt. Eng. 19, 1, 139-144.

[55]

XIE, Z. AND BRADY, M. 1996. Texture segmentation using local energy in wavelet scale space. ECCV 1, 304-313.

Cited By

Hasegawa TKondo KSenou H(2024)Transferable Deep Learning Model for the Identification of Fish Species for Various Fishing GroundsJournal of Marine Science and Engineering10.3390/jmse1203041512:3(415)Online publication date: 26-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030415
Ansari-Asl MBarbieri MObein GHardeberg J(2024)Optical and Electromechanical Design and Implementation of an Advanced Multispectral Device to Capture Material AppearanceJournal of Imaging10.3390/jimaging1003005510:3(55)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10030055
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Reflectance and Texture of Real-World Surfaces Authors
CVPR '97: Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)

In this work, we investigate the visual appearance of real-world surfaces and the dependence of appearance on imaging conditions. We present a BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) database with reflectance measurements for over 60 ...
Read More
Synthesizing bidirectional texture functions for real-world surfaces
SIGGRAPH '01: Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques

In this paper, we present a novel approach to synthetically generating bidirectional texture functions (BTFs) of real-world surfaces. Unlike a conventional two-dimensional texture, a BTF is a six-dimensional function that describes the appearance of ...
Read More
Modeling and Verifying the Polarizing Reflectance of Real-World Metallic Surfaces

Researchers have introduced many bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models for computer graphics. Some are purely appearance-based heuristics, whereas others are physically plausible. To achieve plausibility, researchers have ...
Read More

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Graphics

ACM Transactions on Graphics Volume 18, Issue 1

Jan. 1999

94 pages

ISSN:0730-0301

EISSN:1557-7368

DOI:10.1145/300776

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 1999 ACM.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 January 1999

Published in TOG Volume 18, Issue 1

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

1,045
Total Citations
View Citations
5,343
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)466
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)55

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Hasegawa TKondo KSenou H(2024)Transferable Deep Learning Model for the Identification of Fish Species for Various Fishing GroundsJournal of Marine Science and Engineering10.3390/jmse1203041512:3(415)Online publication date: 26-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030415
Ansari-Asl MBarbieri MObein GHardeberg J(2024)Optical and Electromechanical Design and Implementation of an Advanced Multispectral Device to Capture Material AppearanceJournal of Imaging10.3390/jimaging1003005510:3(55)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10030055
Grillini FAksas LLapray PFoulonneau AThomas JGeorge SBigué L(2024)Relationship between reflectance and degree of polarization in the VNIR-SWIR: A case study on art paintings with polarimetric reflectance imaging spectroscopyPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.030301819:5(e0303018)Online publication date: 9-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303018
Filip JLukavský JDěchtěrenko FSchmidt FFleming R(2024)Perceptual dimensions of wood materialsJournal of Vision10.1167/jov.24.5.1224:5(12)Online publication date: 24-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.24.5.12
Keshvari SWijntjes M(2024)Peripheral material perceptionJournal of Vision10.1167/jov.24.4.1324:4(13)Online publication date: 16-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.24.4.13
Guerrero‐Viu JSubias JSerrano AStorrs KFleming RMasia BGutierrez D(2024)Predicting Perceived Gloss: Do Weak Labels Suffice?Computer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1503743:2Online publication date: 27-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.15037
Miandji ETongbuasirilai THajisharif SKavoosighafi BUnger J(2024)FROST-BRDF: A Fast and Robust Optimal Sampling Technique for BRDF AcquisitionIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.335520030:7(4390-4402)Online publication date: Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3355200
Ma XYu YWu HZhou K(2024)Efficient Reflectance Capture With a Deep Gated Mixture-of-ExpertsIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2023.326187230:7(4246-4256)Online publication date: Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2023.3261872
Liu MJiao LLiu XLi LLiu FYang SZhang X(2024)Bio-Inspired Multi-Scale Contourlet Attention NetworksIEEE Transactions on Multimedia10.1109/TMM.2023.330444826(2824-2837)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TMM.2023.3304448
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents