I've been learning programming using a book about Python for a few months. To explore object-oriented programming, I built a few things in tkinter.
When I started this code, I wanted to be able to play on rectangular boards of any sizes, but it made checking for a winner more difficult, so it's just the regular 3x3 game at the moment.
How can I improve it?
from tkinter import *
# PARAMETERS
# graphics
WINDOW_SIZE = 600 # pixels
GRID_LINE_WIDTH = 2 # pixels
SYMBOL_WIDTH = WINDOW_SIZE/12 # pixels - adjust ratio
# 0-1 : size of a symbol relative to it's cell
# bigger than 1 is too much
SYMBOL_SIZE = 0.5
X_COLOR = 'dodger blue'
O_COLOR = 'tomato'
# background color of the 'draw' gameover screen
DRAW_SCREEN_COLOR = 'light sea green'
GRID_COLOR = 'light grey'
BG_COLOR = 'white'
# gameplay
FIRST_PLAYER = 2 # 1 - X, 2 = O
# OTHER
CELL_SIZE = WINDOW_SIZE / 3
# game states
STATE_TITLE_SCREEN = 0
STATE_X_TURN = 1
STATE_O_TURN = 2
STATE_GAME_OVER = 3
# symbol notation in the board memory
EMPTY = 0
X = 1
O = 2
class Game(Tk):
"""
Main class
"""
def __init__(self):
Tk.__init__(self)
self.canvas = Canvas(
height=WINDOW_SIZE, width=WINDOW_SIZE,
bg=BG_COLOR)
self.canvas.pack()
self.bind('<x>', self.exit)
self.canvas.bind('<Button-1>', self.click)
self.gamestate = STATE_TITLE_SCREEN
self.title_screen()
self.board = [
[EMPTY, EMPTY, EMPTY],
[EMPTY, EMPTY, EMPTY],
[EMPTY, EMPTY, EMPTY]]
def title_screen(self):
# placeholder title screen
self.canvas.delete('all') #just in case
self.canvas.create_rectangle(
0, 0,
WINDOW_SIZE, WINDOW_SIZE,
fill=O_COLOR,
outline='')
self.canvas.create_rectangle(
int(WINDOW_SIZE/15), int(WINDOW_SIZE/15),
int(WINDOW_SIZE*14/15), int(WINDOW_SIZE*14/15),
width=int(WINDOW_SIZE/20),
outline=X_COLOR)
self.canvas.create_rectangle(
int(WINDOW_SIZE/10), int(WINDOW_SIZE/10),
int(WINDOW_SIZE*9/10), int(WINDOW_SIZE*9/10),
fill=X_COLOR,
outline='')
self.canvas.create_text(
WINDOW_SIZE/2,
WINDOW_SIZE/3,
text='TIC TAC TOE', fill='white',
font=('Franklin Gothic', int(-WINDOW_SIZE/12), 'bold'))
self.canvas.create_text(
int(WINDOW_SIZE/2),
int(WINDOW_SIZE/2.5),
text='[play]', fill='white',
font=('Franklin Gothic', int(-WINDOW_SIZE/25)))
def new_board(self):
"""
Clears canvas and game board memory, draws a new board on the canvas
"""
# delete all objects
self.canvas.delete('all')
# reset
self.board = [
[EMPTY, EMPTY, EMPTY],
[EMPTY, EMPTY, EMPTY],
[EMPTY, EMPTY, EMPTY]]
# draw grid
for n in range(1, 3):
# vertical
self.canvas.create_line(
CELL_SIZE*n, 0,
CELL_SIZE*n, WINDOW_SIZE,
width=GRID_LINE_WIDTH, fill=GRID_COLOR)
# horizontal
self.canvas.create_line(
0, CELL_SIZE*n,
WINDOW_SIZE, CELL_SIZE*n,
width=GRID_LINE_WIDTH, fill=GRID_COLOR)
def gameover_screen(self, outcome):
#placeholder gameover screen
self.canvas.delete('all')
if outcome == 'X WINS':
wintext = 'X wins'
wincolor = X_COLOR
elif outcome == 'O WINS':
wintext = 'O wins'
wincolor = O_COLOR
elif outcome == 'DRAW':
wintext = 'Draw'
wincolor = DRAW_SCREEN_COLOR
self.canvas.create_rectangle(
0, 0,
WINDOW_SIZE, WINDOW_SIZE,
fill=wincolor, outline='')
self.canvas.create_text(
int(WINDOW_SIZE/2), int(WINDOW_SIZE/2),
text=wintext, fill='white',
font=('Franklin Gothic', int(-WINDOW_SIZE/6), 'bold'))
self.canvas.create_text(
int(WINDOW_SIZE/2), int(WINDOW_SIZE/1.65),
text='[click to play again]', fill='white',
font=('Franklin Gothic', int(-WINDOW_SIZE/25)))
def click(self, event):
"""
Handles most of the game logic
I probably should move it elswhere but it's pretty short
"""
x = self.ptgrid(event.x)
y = self.ptgrid(event.y)
if self.gamestate == STATE_TITLE_SCREEN:
self.new_board()
self.gamestate = FIRST_PLAYER
#duplication /!\
elif (self.gamestate == STATE_X_TURN and
self.board[y][x] == EMPTY):
self.new_move(X, x, y)
if self.has_won(X):
self.gamestate = STATE_GAME_OVER
self.gameover_screen('X WINS')
elif self.is_a_draw():
self.gamestate = STATE_GAME_OVER
self.gameover_screen('DRAW')
else:
self.gamestate = STATE_O_TURN
elif (self.gamestate == STATE_O_TURN and
self.board[y][x] == EMPTY):
self.new_move(O, x, y)
if self.has_won(O):
self.gamestate = STATE_GAME_OVER
self.gameover_screen('O WINS')
elif self.is_a_draw():
self.gamestate = STATE_GAME_OVER
self.gameover_screen('DRAW')
else:
self.gamestate = STATE_X_TURN
elif self.gamestate == STATE_GAME_OVER:
#reset
self.new_board()
self.gamestate = FIRST_PLAYER
def new_move(self, player, grid_x, grid_y):
"""
player is either X or O
x and y are 0-based grid coordinates
0 1 2
0 _|_|_
1 _|_|_
2 | |
"""
#duplication /!\
if player == X:
self.draw_X(grid_x, grid_y)
self.board[grid_y][grid_x] = X
elif player == O:
self.draw_O(grid_x, grid_y)
self.board[grid_y][grid_x] = O
def draw_X(self, grid_x, grid_y):
"""
draw the X symbol at x, y in the grid
"""
x = self.gtpix(grid_x)
y = self.gtpix(grid_y)
delta = CELL_SIZE/2*SYMBOL_SIZE
self.canvas.create_line(
x-delta, y-delta,
x+delta, y+delta,
width=SYMBOL_WIDTH, fill=X_COLOR)
self.canvas.create_line(
x+delta, y-delta,
x-delta, y+delta,
width=SYMBOL_WIDTH, fill=X_COLOR)
def draw_O(self, grid_x, grid_y):
"""
draw an O symbol at x, y in the grid
note : a big outline value appears to cause a visual glitch in tkinter
"""
x = self.gtpix(grid_x)
y = self.gtpix(grid_y)
delta = CELL_SIZE/2*SYMBOL_SIZE
self.canvas.create_oval(
x-delta, y-delta,
x+delta, y+delta,
width=SYMBOL_WIDTH, outline=O_COLOR)
def has_won(self, symbol):
for y in range(3):
if self.board[y] == [symbol, symbol, symbol]:
return True
for x in range(3):
if self.board[0][x] == self.board[1][x] == self.board[2][x] == symbol:
return True
if self.board[0][0] == self.board[1][1] == self.board[2][2] == symbol:
return True
elif self.board[0][2] == self.board[1][1] == self.board[2][0] == symbol:
return True
# no win sequence found
return False
def is_a_draw(self):
for row in self.board:
if EMPTY in row:
return False
#no empty cell left, the game is a draw
return True
def gtpix(self, grid_coord):
# gtpix = grid_to_pixels
# for a grid coordinate, returns the pixel coordinate of the center
# of the corresponding cell
pixel_coord = grid_coord * CELL_SIZE + CELL_SIZE / 2
return pixel_coord
def ptgrid(self, pixel_coord):
# ptgrid = pixels_to_grid
# the opposit of gtpix()
# somehow the canvas has a few extra pixels on the right and bottom side
if pixel_coord >= WINDOW_SIZE:
pixel_coord = WINDOW_SIZE - 1
grid_coord = int(pixel_coord / CELL_SIZE)
return grid_coord
def exit(self, event):
self.destroy()
def main():
root = Game()
root.mainloop()
main()
