Derivation of relationship between equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy change

Question

Why is $\Delta G=\Delta G^o+RT\ln Q?$

It feels like all online sources were written for introductory Chemistry students! Where do I find a rigorous proof of this identity? Greatly appreciate it!

Answer 1

Using the fundamental equations for the state function (and its natural variables): \begin{align} \mathrm{d}G &= -S\mathrm{d}T + V\mathrm{d}P\\ V &= \left(\frac{\partial G}{\partial P}\right)_T\\ \bar{G}(T,P_2) &= \bar{G}(T,P_1) + \int_{P_1}^{P_2}\bar{V} \mathrm{d}p \end{align} Here $\bar{x}$ represents molar $x$, i.e. $x$ per mole \begin{align} \bar{V} &= \frac{RT}{P}\\ \bar{G}(T,P_2) &= \bar{G}(T,P_1) + RT \ln\frac{P_2}{P_1} \end{align} Defining standard state as $P = \pu{1 bar}$ and $\bar{G}=\mu$ $$\mu(T,P)=\mu^\circ (T) + RT\ln \frac{P}{P_o}$$ consider the general gaseous reaction $\ce{a A + b B -> c C + d D}$ $$\Delta G=(c\mu_\ce{C} + d\mu_\ce{D} - a\mu_\ce{A} - b\mu_\ce{B})$$ for "unit progress" in reaction. Using $\mu_i = \mu^\circ_i + RT\ln \frac{P_i}{\pu{1 bar}}$ \begin{align} \Delta G &= (c\mu^\circ_\ce{C} + d\mu^\circ_\ce{D} - a\mu^\circ_\ce{A} - b\mu^\circ_\ce{B}) + RT \ln\frac{P_\ce{C}^c P_\ce{D}^d}{P_\ce{A}^a P_\ce{B}^b}\\ \Delta G &= \Delta G^\circ + RT\ln Q \end{align}