In High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the actual gradient is a bit different from the true gradient programmed because of dwell volume and other effects. For example, in the figure added, we can see the programmed gradient in red and the actual gradient in blue.
I'm wondering if there are formulas I can use to approximate/estimate the actual gradient from my programmed gradient or gradient steps (given dwell volume, flow-rate, etc...)?
Approximations are ok, I don't expect this to be computable exactly. Any suggestions are welcome.
Figure just to illustrate the real gradient being different. source