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The treads on my road bike's 28C tires are almost completely gone—they only persist along the shoulders of the tire. Do the treads matter? What is a good indicator of when the tire as a whole needs to be replaced?

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The tread on a road bike's tires is really quite unimportant and purely cosmetic. Road bike tires have tread patterns because they sell better, not because they perform better.

Here's some questions to ask to decide about replacing a tire:

  • Can you see any of the fabric?
  • Are you getting flats more easily than you used to?
  • Is any part of the tire bulging out or lumpy?
  • Are there visible holes/gashes in the tire?
  • Does the wear indicator indicate you should replace? (Some tires have dimples or grooves that are there to indicate when the tire should be replaced. Some have an alternate color of rubber underneath, and when that shows through the tire should be replaced)

Smooth tread is actually ideal for road conditions, but not commonly found on tires. If you're on hard surfaces such as pavement/asphalt, the tread doesn't help you and actually slightly reduces contact area and increases rolling resistance. On most road tires the minimal tread pattern is just cosmetic to make their customers feel better (since a smooth tire looks slippery).

See also: Sheldon Brown's comments on tire replacement and tread patterns

If you plan to ride through mud, sand or other soft surfaces, you need tread. So when you no longer have tread on your mountain bike or cyclocross bike's tires, it's time to replace them (unless you plan to only use them on the road).

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    I use Kojak smooth tires on my Bike Friday, and they're the best road tires I've ever had. (Although gravel is out of the question with smooth tires.) The thing is, there's a difference between smooth tires and bald tires: one is designed to be smooth, the other is not. I'd replace your tires, as per the conditions in freiheit's answer.
    – Goodbye Stack Exchange
    Commented Aug 30, 2010 at 22:34
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    With regard to tread on road tyres Jan Heine has a decidedly different position: "There is another way to increase the interlocking between tire and road: provide edges on the tire that ‘hook up’ with the road surface irregularities." (Please note that he's with Compass, a tyre brand.) janheine.wordpress.com/2018/02/22/…
    – gschenk
    Commented Nov 11, 2018 at 1:49
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Many road tyres would have wear indicator. Usually that would be a small hollow on the tread. As long as it is visible the tyre is ok, once it is gone, the tyre should be replaced as that indicates that the main rubber layer is worn out, the grip is no longer that good and it may not be safe to ride.

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For the last two worn-out road tires I replaced, I've noticed a pattern in wear that seems to be fairly consistent. This isn't a large sample size, but the tires were from different brands, and the wear seemed consistent with various comments I've seen from others. Based on your own tradeoff between cost- and safety-consciousness, you have to decide at which stage in the wear process you need to replace the tire.

  1. First, the tread (if present) begins to wear. Not all road tires have tread, and in most cases it's purely cosmetic.

  2. Then, the tire develops a flattened, almost squared-off shape instead of the round shape that a new tire has.

  3. Next, the tire starts getting a lot of small cuts in a short period of time. This doesn't necessarily mean there are flats or that the cuts are deep. (After removing the tire, I could more easily see that the outermost layer of rubber was extremely thin and beginning to delaminate. This explains why I was seeing so many small cuts.)

  4. Finally, the outermost layer of rubber wears through and threads begin to appear. By this point, the tire is definitely unsafe.

This process might not be exactly the same for all tire models, but I've noticed it in several of them. Of course, even a new tire should be replaced if it develops any signs of trauma as discussed in other answers (bulges, cracks, or gashes), or if the frequency of punctures increases.

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I replace my tyres when i start to get a lot of punctures.

With new tyres, i rarely get punctures, despite what i see that i cycle over. after some time, and wear, i suddenly start getting a lot of punctures.

As a hypothetical that doesnt happen: If i dont get any punctures and i start to see the tyre fibers coming through, its definiely time to replace the tyre.

I know it meets no manufacturers or performance guidelines, but its a method that requires absolutely no monitoring and lets me get all the life i can out of the tyre.

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Rubber degrades over time due to ultraviolet light damage and oxidation. Old tires where the rubber looks dried out with lots of cracking or rubber coming away from the fabric carcass should be replaced.

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