Why aren't there galaxy-sized balls of iron out there?

Question

Since we know that stars burn out, collapse, or blow up when too many of their atoms fuse into iron, then how come, with all the ancient galaxies we've been observing, there isn't one galaxy whose stars have become giant balls of iron, which would eventually collide into one galaxy-sized iron globule in space?

Answer 1

In short, you can't make a galaxy-mass ball of iron because there's no way to support the ball against the inward crush of its own gravity. First, it would collapse into a neutron star, but even neutron stars can't hold themselves up beyond about 2-3 solar masses. Your galaxy-sized object would collapse into a black hole. But we do see these! All massive galaxies are believed to have supermassive black holes at their centres. These are up to 10 billion solar masses in size, which is comparable to smaller galaxies.

In any star, be it a main-sequence star like the Sun, a giant, or even a white dwarf or neutron star, the inward force of gravity must be balanced by some outward force or pressure. (In fact, we basically assume this when we construct stellar models, although it's a very good assumption.) In main-sequence stars, this pressure is provided by the nuclear reactions happening inside them but as a star evolves, it gets a bit more complicated. In some situations, the nuclei get so close together that they their electrons begin to share quantum states. And because no two electrons can be in the same state, they have to occupy higher energy states. This in effect exerts a kind of pressure (called degeneracy pressure), because the electrons are forced to move around faster than they otherwise would. This is what supports white dwarfs and the cores of some evolved stars. e.g. low-mass red giants.

Degeneracy pressure is fine up to a limit known as the Chandrasekhar limit, which is about 1.44 solar masses (depending on the composition of the object in question). Anything above this would collapse. First, this collapse would yield a neutron star, where things are a bit different. But a similar principle holds, and there's a degeneracy pressure because the neutrons themselves also occupy one quantum state each. The details are much more difficult here, but the overall consensus is that neutron degeneracy pressure can support objects up to about 2-3 solar masses. After that, there's nothing left to balance gravity, and the star collapses into a black hole.

Answer 2

Apart from the good reasons given in the other answers as to why a ball of iron in excess of about $1.4$M$_\odot$ cannot be stable, there is another reason. Namely, there is no way to form that much pure iron. Iron is produced in supernovae, but only a fraction of the matter expelled by a supernova is actually iron and there is no natural way to select is. The remaining matter is locked in the stellar remnant, either a white dwarf, neutron star, or (stellar-mass) black hole. The latter two are already to massive for the material to be in the form of iron, while the a white dwarf may only contain some iron, but never is a ball of iron.

Answer 3

If you had a galaxy sized ball of iron the gravitational force emitted would be immense, and without any force pushing out from it the ball would collapse into itself to form a black hole. In stars such as the sun (main-sequence stars) the outward force of nuclear reactions taking place in its core keep it from collapsing into itself. However, with a ball of iron the only force acting on it would be the pull of gravity, eventually crushing the ball into itself.

The ball of iron wouldn't even be able to reach the size of a galaxy. There is a limit known as the Chandrasekhar limit, which says anything that is about 1.44 solar masses would collapse. This would most likely form a neutron star, but this also has a limit to the amount of mass it can hold. Eventually, even this will collapse upon itself to form a black hole.

Answer 4

Iron spheres

There is a hypothesis that after about $10^{1500}$ years (many star generations) iron stars (iron sphere star remnants) will form. This would require all the elements lighter than Fe to fuse into Fe and all the elements heavier than Fe to decay into Fe. Also proton is required not to decay for this hypothesis to work.

Mass limit

Only stars under certain mass limit can possibly form a sphere of iron. As others pointed out after the nuclear fusion ceases stars heavier than 1.44 solar masses will collapse into a neutron star and above several solar masses they will further collapse into a black hole.

This means that iron spheres considerably heavier than the solar mass cannot form because the iron nuclei of heavier objects will be crushed to mostly neutrons or some other state of matter not consisting of iron.

References for the iron star hypothesis

• iron star on Wikipedia
• Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). "Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe". Reviews of Modern Physics 51 (3): 447–460. Bibcode:1979RvMP...51..447D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447.
• Dyson, Freeman J. (1996). "Selected Papers of Freeman Dyson with Commentary", American Mathematical Society

Answer 5

Our sun will eventually become a white dwarf. A star 10 times it mass will become a neutron star. A star 100 times the mass of the sun will become a black hole. So if 100 stars came together into one mass, it would collapse into a black hole. It is currently believed that a super massive black hole (at least 1000 times the mass of our sun) is at the center of our galaxy and also in the Andromeda galaxy. This is where all the iron might be found from this region of space.