First, I suggest you back up your data from the Windows drive. The keys at a minimum.
If BitLocker or any other drive-encryption is enabled, you should back up ALL your data to an other, non-encrpted drive, in case your current windows installation refuses to boot up ever again. Or disable drive-encryption temporarily. (Unless Windows refuses to disable the encryption, which isn't that rare)
If your second drive only contains the mentioned linux installation, then that doesn't need to be backuped separately, since that should work independently of your Windows install.
In theory you should not delete any keys in order to disable secure boot.
If you still try to delete them, I would suggest to keep a Windows installation pendrive at hand too, in case you need to copy the keys back or to repair the Windows installation. If you can reliably modify the Windows partition from your Ubuntu install, then the Windows install pendrive isn't necessary.
But before deleting anything, you must disable the Secure Boot in the UEFI first!
About the consequences of disabling: on boot your computer won't check whether your basic system components have been modified or not.
This is considered bad for security, since Secure Boot can protect you from some viruses or someone physically accessing your PC to decrypt your encrypted drive.
PS.: This is why people will try to convince you not to disable it, like it was something ultra-dangerous operation, potentially frying your motherboard, blowing up the battery and burning down half the city.