I'm running the latest version of Windows 10, but I have had this problem for a long time now. I have shortcuts to applications in a number of places. Some key examples include on my desktop, on the taskbar, and in my Start menu. (Note that I don't use the standard Windows 10 Start menu - I have replaced it with the free Open Shell Menu program. However, this issue is not directly related to the Start menu, as it shows up in the Taskbar and desktop as well.)
The issue is that shortcuts to "standard" (Win32 EXE files) applications look just fine. The icon shows up just as one would expect, a replication of the same icon used by the EXE file. However, shortcuts to "Windows Apps" (I believe these are also known as "UWP Apps") are simply blank. Well, on the desktop, you see the little arrow in the corner indicating this is a shortcut rather than the actual app, but where the icon should be, there is nothing at all. This includes ANY "Windows App", from things I have installed from the Microsoft store to things that come preinstalled with Windows. For example, a shortcut to the "Calculator App" is completely blank, but a shortcut to the older "calc.exe" looks completely normal.
The only exception to this is the apps that show up in the "Apps" list in the sidebar of the Start menu. All of these show up normally, and correctly display their icons. However, if I try to make a shortcut to any of those apps anywhere else, the icon is blank.