There is no built in way to do this on Windows. Each application handles it's own keyboard shortcuts. It may be possible that your application can be configured in a way to disable F10, but most programs do not provide that level of customization.
AutoHotkey can be configured to block a key/shortcut when only a specific application and or window is active.
Here is a working AHK sample script I just wrote to block F1 exclusively in chrome.
#NoEnv ; Recommended for performance and compatibility with future AutoHotkey releases.
; #Warn ; Enable warnings to assist with detecting common errors.
SendMode Input ; Recommended for new scripts due to its superior speed and reliability.
SetWorkingDir %A_ScriptDir% ; Ensures a consistent starting directory.
#SingleInstance, force
#IfWinActive, ahk_exe chrome.exe
F1::
Return
#If