Microsoft's stance on the changes to chkdsk
So in Windows 8, we’ve changed the way we approach the health model of
NTFS and changed the way we fix corruptions so as to minimize the
downtime due to chkdsk. We’ve also introduced a new file system for
the future, ReFS, which does not require an offline chkdsk to repair
corruptions.
Source: Redesigning chkdsk and the new NTFS health model
NTFS-only switches
- /scan Runs an online scan on the specified partition.
- /forceofflinefix Bypass all online repair; all defects found are queued for offline repair (i.e. chkdsk /spotfix). Should not be used
without "/scan".
- /perf Uses more system resources to complete a scan as fast as possible. This may have a negative performance impact on other tasks
running on the system.
- /spotfix Runs spot fixing on the specified volume.
- /sdcleanup Garbage collect unneeded security descriptor data. Must be used with "/F".
- /offlinescanandfix Runs an offline scan on the specified volume and fixes errors if any corruption is detected.
FAT/FAT32/exFAT-only switches
- /freeorphanedchains Frees any orphaned cluster chains instead of recovering their contents.
- /markclean Marks the volume clean if no corruption was detected, even if "/F" was not set.
Source: Check disk in Windows 10