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Profile image for Erin O'Neil

Erin O'Neil

United States of America

Writer

Staff
Profile image for Celine Lioe

Celine Lioe

Singapore

Stakeholder Engagement Senior Coordinator - APAC

Staff
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Camia Frank

United States of America

Operations Sr. Specialist

Staff
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Isabella Reber

United States of America

HR Specialist

Staff
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Lamar Faulkner

United States of America

Director, Global Support

Staff
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Michelle Wilson

United States of America

GDD Services Manager

Staff
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HuiYing Lim

Singapore

Contractual Compliance Specialist

Staff
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Mona Greenwood

United States of America

Executive Assistant

Staff
Profile image for Steven Kim

Steven Kim

United States of America

Sr. Program Manager

Staff
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Siôn Lloyd

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Principal Security, Stability & Resiliency Specialist

Staff
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Bridget Bilyk

United States of America

Accounting Manager

Staff
Profile image for Pamela Howard

Pamela Howard

United States of America

Performance Measurement & Reporting Sr. Manager, Contractual Compliance

Staff
Profile image for Nicolas Antoniello

Nicolas Antoniello

Uruguay

Regional Technical Engagement Sr. Manager

Staff
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Mikhail Anisimov

Kazakhstan

Stakeholder Engagement Senior Manager - Eastern Europe & Central Asia

Staff
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Shane Emery

United States of America

Sr. Software Engineer 1

Staff
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Michael Kovach

United States of America

Associate Project Manager, Operations Service Delivery & Support

Staff
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Terry Blaser

United States of America

Lead Product Manager

Staff
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Claudia Ruiz

United States of America

Policy Operations Coordinator

Staff
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Yazid Akanho

Benin

Technical Engagement Sr. Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Liz Torres

Liz Torres

United States of America

HR Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Franco Larios Carrasco

Franco Larios Carrasco

Germany

Board Operations Manager

Staff
Profile image for Benjamin Farine

Benjamin Farine

Belgium

Lead Infrastructure Engineer - DNS

Staff
Profile image for Carlos Hernandez Ganan

Carlos Hernandez Ganan

Netherlands

Principal Security, Stability & Resiliency Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Lisa Carter

Lisa Carter

United States of America

Sr. Program Manager

Staff
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Amanda Fessenden

United States of America

Sr. Director, GDD Services

Staff
Profile image for Aaron Jimenez

Aaron Jimenez

United States of America

Sr. Board Operations Specialist

Staff
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Karla Hakansson

United States of America

GDD Programs Director

Staff
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Victor Figueroa Vazquez

United States of America

Technical Services Sr. Manager

Staff
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Sam Zhou

United States of America

Technical Lead, Software Engineering

Staff
Profile image for Casandra Furey

Casandra Furey

United States of America

Associate General Counsel

Staff
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Michael Song

United States of America

Operations Sr. Specialist

Staff
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Evin Erdogdu

United States of America

Review Support & Accountability Project Manager

Staff
Profile image for Lisa Saulino

Lisa Saulino

United States of America

Board Operations Manager

Staff
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Simon Garside

United States of America

VP, Security Operations and Interim Head of Administrative Services

Staff
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Steve Jung

United States of America

Sr. Accountant

Staff
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Dean Edwards

United States of America

Director, Relationship & Delivery Management

Staff
Profile image for Daniel Stephens

Daniel Stephens

United States of America

Financial Analyst

Staff
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Nida Gumussoy

Türkiye, Republic of

Regional Office Sr. Administrator

Staff
Profile image for Meghan Healy

Meghan Healy

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Stakeholder Research Program Manager I

Staff
Profile image for Fernanda Iunes

Fernanda Iunes

United States of America

Capacity Development Program Manager I

Staff
Profile image for Sara Caplis

Sara Caplis

United States of America

Director, Meetings Technical Services

Staff
Profile image for Nick Axelrod-McLeod

Nick Axelrod-McLeod

United States of America

Contractual Compliance Senior Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Angelina Lopez

Angelina Lopez

United States of America

Communications & Project Manager

Staff
Profile image for Joseph Restuccia

Joseph Restuccia

United States of America

Contractual Compliance Risk & Audit Senior Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Mike Takahashi

Mike Takahashi

United States of America

Web Content Strategy Director

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Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."