Is it possible to see if a post has been linked somewhere?

There's no way for Stack Exchange to keep track of all links like that. The following functionality is available and may be of help in similar situations:

• The linked-questions functionality, which shows posts on the same site referencing each other in a list in the right sidebar; I'm not sure how familiar you are with the Stack Exchange software but the tag wiki contains some details, and here is the blog post that introduced the feature.
• You can use the url: search operator to search for a post's URL. The operator even works on https://stackexchange.com/ for network-wide searches. It only searches in posts though, and you cannot limit your search query to just https://meta.stackexchange.com/ (without anything after it), so it works best for links to specific posts, just as in your example. Note that there are various ways to link to specific posts; if I'd want to look for links to this answer, I could search for
  • https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/382331 (the relevant part of the short form)
  • https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/382330/ (yes, this is the question, but using the entire URL, https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/382330/is-it-possible-to-see-if-a-post-has-been-linked-somewhere/382331#382331 may have the problem that if the title changes, that URL changes as well - older links may use a different title.
  • Searching for url:"382331" might also work, but could also give false positives.
• A search for specific URLs is also possible with the Stack Exchange Data Explorer provided that the site is not too large (Stack Overflow is too large for searching posts like that). Here is an example, but you'd need to run it again for the same URL with another slash at the end.