horizontally divided red-white national flag. It has a width-to-length ratio of 4 to 5.Until the 19th century Europe had many independent city-states with ruling dynasties and local symbols, but most were absorbed by the great unification movements that created modern Germany, Italy, and other nations. Monaco managed to preserve its independence, and it adopted a law on April 4, 1881, establishing its national flags, which are in use today. The complex princely coat of arms, whose chief…
