What Investments Are Considered Liquid Assets?

A liquid asset is an asset that can be readily converted to cash or cash on hand. An asset that can readily be converted to cash is similar to cash itself because the asset can easily be sold with little impact on its value. Liquid assets are the most basic type of asset. They're used by consumers and businesses alike.

Several factors must be present for an asset to be considered liquid. It must be an item in an established market with a large number of interested buyers. Ownership must be easily transferred.

Cash on hand is considered to be a liquid asset because it can be readily accessed. Cash is a legal tender that a company can use to settle its current liabilities. The money in your checking account, savings account, or money market account is considered liquid because it can be withdrawn easily to settle liabilities.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are typically investments that have short-term maturities of less than 90 days. They're considered to be liquid assets because they can be readily converted to cash. Examples of cash equivalents include:

• Stocks and marketable securities that can be converted to cash in a relatively short period in the event of a financial emergency
• U.S. Treasuries and bonds
• Mutual funds in which money from various investors is pooled and invested in a variety of financial securities including stocks and bonds
• Money market funds, a type of mutual fund that invests in low-risk, low-yielding investments such as municipal bonds

Liquid assets are used by both businesses and consumers. They're perceived as being the most basic type of asset available.

Non-Liquid Assets

Non-liquid assets are those that can be difficult to liquidate quickly. Land and real estate investments are considered to be non-liquid assets because it can take months or more for an individual or a company to receive cash from the sale.

Suppose a company owns real property and wants to liquidate it because it has to pay off a debt obligation within a month. The process of selling the property may take longer than a month because it will take time to find an investor, negotiate and agree on a price, and set up the closing for the sale.

The property might sell for a lesser price than its current market value if the company wants to sell the property quickly, or it could sell for a loss.

Liquid assets can easily be sold for cash and have a stable market price. Non-liquid assets cannot be sold quickly for cash and prices can be much more volatile.

The Bottom Line

An asset is anything that can be owned by an individual or entity that has or is expected to have economic value. Assets are also classified as either tangible or intangible assets.

Tangible assets are physical in nature and they have an easily determined material value on a public market. They're at risk of being damaged, lost, or stolen due to the actions of people or acts of nature. An intangible asset isn't physical in nature. Intangible assets include goodwill, brand recognition, or intellectual property like patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Intangible assets are generally not liquid but they can be long-term and ongoing. Tangible assets are only liquid if you can readily exchange them for cash. They can be used to balance investment and budgetary goals.