They say one's heart leaps into one's mouth, and that is exactly what I felt. In the glass I saw a huge fireball erupt near the stern of the target. TThey say one's heart leaps into one's mouth, and that is exactly what I felt. In the glass I saw a huge fireball erupt near the stern of the target. Then we heard the noise of the first hit, carried to us through the water. Then Archer-Fish felt the stock waves created by the 680 pounds of torpex explosive. - Commander Joseph F. Enright, who commanded USS Archerfish, which sank the Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano, the largest warship ever sunk by a submarine.
Shinano, the battleship-turned-carrier, was the largest aircraft carrier in service during the World War II and, was the supreme hope of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and the Japanese Empire in regaining the Japanese naval supremacy in Pacific. Against all odds and fast dwindling naval resources, the Japanese Navy believed that this super-carrier will tilt the balance of equation in their favor in the Pacific, but this hope lasted only for a few hours. Shinano!: The Sinking of Japan's Secret Supership, is the first hand account of the tragic fate of the hastily commissioned Japanese aircraft carrier told by Captain Joseph F. Enright, who was in charge of the US Navy Submarine Archer-Fish, which sank ‘Shinano’, on her maiden voyage.
Captain Enright brings the battle between the Japanese giant and the 2000 ton Archer-Fish alive in front of the reader with multiple perspectives of the naval action and taut narrative. He reports the adrenaline rush and the frantic activities onboard both Shinano and Archer-Fish by switching the viewpoints of the narrative effectively and presents both the Japanese and American side of the battle for the reader to inspect. For this, Enright relies extensively on wartime reports and eyewitness accounts from both sides.
The Yamato Class Battleships
By early 1941, the Japanese Navy had about 10 fleet carriers in the Pacific – compared to only 3 from US Navy – and they were thought totally invulnerable. Shinano was initially designed as a gigantic battleship of the Yamato Class. The decision to build the Yamato Class battleships were made by the Japanese as a part of increasing their naval supremacy in the Pacific. During that time the Japanese - even Germans – were under the influence of the philosophy of building gigantic weapons, so it was natural that the vessels of the Yamato class composed of some of the biggest battleships ever built.
[image] The twin Yamato class battleships, Yamato and Musashi anchored in the waters off of the Japanese held Truk Islands. Photo taken in early 1943.
The first two vessels of the class were Yamato and Musashi, both 70,000 ton behemoths with nine massive 460-mm naval guns and were commissioned in December 1941 and August 1942 respectively. Two more battleships of the same class were in the design board during that time.
But the Battle of Midway in June 1942 changed things dramatically for Japan. They lost their main naval strike-force – including fleet carriers like Akagi, Kaga, Soryu and Hiryu, which sank and carriers like Shokaku, which suffered major damages - in this battle.
This setback forced the Japanese Navy to redesign and alter the third ship in the Yamato class, Shinano, whose hull was already built as a battleship, into an aircraft carrier. There was a fourth vessel in the Yamato class – unnamed and only known by the code number 111 -, which was never finished. It was only 30 percentage complete when the project was stopped in December 1941.
Things were going bad for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Musashi sank at the The Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 and they lost Yamato [Glorious Way to Die: The Kamikaze Mission of the Battleship Yamato by Russell Spurr provides a solid account of the final mission of Yamato. (review)] at Okinawa in April 1945, both falling prey to massed US airstrikes, conducted by hundreds of carrier-based aircrafts.
The ‘Mystery Ship’, IJN Shinano
The plan to convert Shinano into a super carrier was shrouded in complete secrecy and at that time the allied powers were totally in the dark about the existence of the third ship in the Yamato class. Shinano, which had a length of 872 feet had a full displacement of 71,890 tons, was designed and built to withstand both airstrikes and torpedo attacks.
Instead of going for a full-fledged fleet carrier, the decision makers in Imperial Japanese Navy decided to build Shinano as a support carrier, a very rare class of vessel in the naval history. The plan was to make Shinano a floating resupply platform for other fleet carriers and after much deliberation she was also provided with features which enabled her to act as a small fleet carrier for defensive purposes.
She was designed with an enormous flight deck and a massive hanger for storing her own dive bombers and torpedo planes along with replacement aircraft intended for other fleet carriers.
The massive setbacks suffered by the Japanese Navy in the The Battle of Leyte Gulf put immense pressure on the immediate launch of Shinano. Due to this, Shinano, which was far from complete was launched on 8 October, 1944.
[image] Captain Toshio Abe
She was led by Captain Toshio Abe, and Shinano underwent some hurried sea trials in the Tokyo Bay during the next few weeks.
[image] The recon photo of the Imperial Japanese Naval Base at Yokosuka Arsenal taken by a long-range photo-recon F-13 (B-29) Superfortess on 1 November 1944. The partially completed aircraft carrier Shinano can be seen in the top right (marked with red lines), undergoing sea trials in Tokyo Bay.
While undergoing sea trials outside the entrance to Yokosuka Harbour, she was photographed from an altitude of 9,800 m by a B-29 recon aircraft. This fly-over by a recon aircraft panicked the Japanese Navy, and hastened decisions were made to move Shinano from Yokosuka to a safe place. Shinano was officially commissioned on November 19, 1944, and she was ordered to move to the comparative safety of Kure Naval Base, on the Seto Inland Sea, were she was to be provided with her bombers and fighters.
[image] A photograph of Shinano undergoing sea trials in Tokyo Bay, taken by a civilian photographer on 11 November 1944. Apart from the aerial view of the carrier from the recon photo, this is the only known photograph of Shinano.
Shinano departed from Yokosuka on 28 November, 1944 for Kure, a journey of 500 miles, with 2,515 crewmen and was accompanied by Japanese destroyers Hamakaze, Yukikaze and Isokaze. In her maiden voyage she had a load of 50 MXY7 Ohka rocket-propelled Kamikaze flying bombs and six Shinyo suicide boats onboard.
[image] Photo of the U.S. Navy Balao-class submarine USS Archerfish (SS-311) near San Francisco on 5 June 1945.
At the same time, a lone US submarine, Archer-Fish, was operating in the enemy waters of Tokyo Bay, providing lifeguard service for the B-24 bomber raids that were conducted on Tokyo. USS Archer-Fish (SS-311) was a Balao class submarine commissioned on 4 September 1943. After a year of active duty at the East China Sea and Midway, she was undergoing her fifth patrol and was under the command of Commander Joseph F. Enright in November 1944.
[image] Capt. Joseph F. Enright
Archer-Fish picked up Shinano on November 28 1944 – just 2 hours into the maiden voyage of Shinano – while patrolling south of Nagoya. When Archer-Fish made contact with the super carrier on radar, she was a total Mystery Ship, as the US Navy knew nothing about Shinano and the carrier was not in the US Navy’s Recognition Manual. After tracking the prey for over six hours, Archer-Fish fired six torpedoes at Shinano. Four of these torpedoes found the target and struck Shinano, causing massive flooding and within hours total sinking of the super carrier.
OUT OF 2,515 PERSONNEL ABOARD SHINANO, MISSING 1,435; SURVIVORS 1,080; SURVIVING OFFICERS 55; COMMON SEAMEN AND NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS 993; CIVILIANS, 32. THE EMPEROR’S PORTRAIT IS SECURE ABOARD HAMAKAZE. ALL SECRET DOCUMENTS SANK WITH THE SHIP IN A LOCKED SAFE IN 4,000 METERS OF WATER
Japanese Naval Headquarters was informed by radio message about the fate of Shinano, which sank just 17 hours into her maiden voyage. With a tonnage of 72,000, Shinano became the biggest warship in history to be sunk by a submarine.
At the time of sinking, Enright and his crew didn’t knew about Shinano and they knew only that they killed a big Japanese ship. It was only after the war that the identity of Shinano surfaced and Archer-Fish received a Presidential Unit Citation and Captain Enright received Navy Cross post-war for the action against Shinano.
By referring to eyewitness accounts and naval reports filed by survivors of the Shinano with Imperial Japanese Navy, Capt. Joseph F. Enright, reconstructs the events of the entire battle between Shinano and Archer-Fish for the readers using details, clarity and engaging reconstructed dialogs.
Why Shinano became the Aircraft Carrier with the shortest Imperial Navy Career?
Shinano was commissioned in a situation when the Japanese Navy was in really dire straits. The revised plans for Shinano along with pressure to complete before the estimated time-frame has resulted in design and build compromises that ultimately led to the quick sinking of the ship. Shinano was not complete when she was commissioned and substantial amount of work was pending on her when the Navy was forced to make her operational. She was not ready for the sea, she was not properly tested and she was manned by untrained and inexperienced crew, which all made her irrelevant as a weapon.
Many of the defensive measures on Shinano existed only in paper, and the unfinished pumping systems, issues in waterproofing, untested watertight compartments, unfinished firefighting equipment’s and lack of know-how on using them by the crew all contributed to the ultimate tragedy of Shinano....more
Death and the Devil laying a snare to catch subjects. The Devil encircles California with his tail, and from his magic pipe sends forth his emissarDeath and the Devil laying a snare to catch subjects. The Devil encircles California with his tail, and from his magic pipe sends forth his emissaries to fill the place with bait.
Outline History Of An Expedition To California is a curious nineteenth century graphic novel depicting the dark and tragic tale related to the pursuit for the glittering yellow metal from the days of the California Gold Rush of the 1848. This is the story of about 300,000 prospectors, who flocked to California from all corners of the United States and even from abroad in pursuit of their dreams, seeking their fortune, told in grim looking black and white cartoon panels.
The opening panel of this book sets the tone aptly for the topic it handles; Devil and Death setting a trap in California with the shimmering shower of gold and the temptation for treasures depicted in stark, bold black strokes. The cartoon panels are dark yet funny and stays factual while presenting the reader with the multiple shocking tragic faces related to the madness for gold, which happened in California during the mid-nineteenth century.
"Gold! Gold on the American River!"
From as early as sixteenth century A.D, there were rumors and tales about gold and gold mines in California bought to Europe by travelers. In 1842, flecks of this glittering metal was found in San Fernando Valley, which made a minor ripple of excitement among the prospector community, but the first definitive Gold Rush, which made California the gold miner’s dream destination began on January 24, 1848.
It was on that day, James W. Marshall, an American carpenter and sawmill operator, discovered shiny flecks of gold in the channel bed of American River at Coloma, California; a discovery, which changed the course of history by setting off one of the most fervent mineral rush and mass migration in America.
Walter was employed at that time by John Augustus Sutter Sr. - the man who established the agricultural and trading colony named Sutter's Fort – for constructing a sawmill – later known as Sutter's Mill - at Coloma.
[image] Image from The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate by Eliza P. Donner Houghton. Published in 1911 by A.C. McClurg & Co.
[image] View of Sutter's sawmill circa 1850, from a daguerreotype by R. H. Vance.
Sutter tried to keep the discovery a secret, for the fear of prospectors upsetting the operations of his timber mill, but soon rumors about the discovery of gold started spreading. It was the American businessman and journalist, Samuel Brannan, who had a supply store at Sutter’s Fort, who confirmed the news about the discovery of gold to the outside world. When the workers from the mining camp came to his store for buying provisions with the gold dust, Brannan being a superb entrepreneur, stocked his store with loads of mining equipment and went around the streets of California, with a bottle carrying the gold dust and proclaiming to the world "Gold! Gold on the American River!"
[image] Image from The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate by Eliza P. Donner Houghton. Published in 1911 by A.C. McClurg & Co.
The California Gold Rush began and Brannan made huge profits from the sales of mining goods to the crowds of prospectors who flowed to California in search of gold. California, despite the sudden boost in economy, suffered much from the influx of the gold seekers as the native Californians had to go through large scale instances of starvation, violence, genocide, diseases and relocation as part of the Gold Rush.
Even though limited in number of pages, this graphic novel cleverly presents the reader with short glimpses of almost all the calamities that prospectors faced during their expedition to California over the three possible routes that were then available; the Cape Horn route, The Panamanian Route and the Overland trail. Packs so much history in such a small book.
The Devil having drawn the tail to a close, Death fills up the cavity made by the extraction of gold, with the bones of those who perished in pursuit....more
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