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. 2015 Sep 9;7(9):7562-79.
doi: 10.3390/nu7095353.

Food Habits, Lifestyle Factors and Mortality among Oldest Old Chinese: The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)

Zumin Shi  1 , Tuohong Zhang  2 , Julie Byles  3 , Sean Martin  4 , Jodie C Avery  5 , Anne W Taylor  6
Affiliations

Food Habits, Lifestyle Factors and Mortality among Oldest Old Chinese: The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)

Zumin Shi et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

There are few studies reporting the association between lifestyle and mortality among the oldest old in developing countries. We examined the association between food habits, lifestyle factors and all-cause mortality in the oldest old (≥80 years) using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). In 1998/99, 8959 participants aged 80 years and older took part in the baseline survey. Follow-up surveys were conducted every two to three years until 2011. Food habits were assessed using an in-person interview. Deaths were ascertained from family members during follow-up. Cox and Laplace regression were used to assess the association between food habits, lifestyle factors and mortality risk. There were 6626 deaths during 31,926 person-years of follow-up. Type of staple food (rice or wheat) was not associated with mortality. Daily fruit and vegetable intake was inversely associated with a higher mortality risk (hazard ratios (HRs): 0.85 (95% CI (confidence interval) 0.77-0.92), and 0.74 (0.66-0.83) for daily intake of fruit and vegetables, respectively). There was a positive association between intake of salt-preserved vegetables and mortality risk (consumers had about 10% increase of HR for mortality). Fruit and vegetable consumption were inversely, while intake of salt-preserved vegetables positively, associated with mortality risk among the oldest old. Undertaking physical activity is beneficial for the prevention of premature death.

Keywords: Chinese; diet; elderly; lifestyle factors; longitudinal study; mortality.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI (Confidence Interval)) for all-cause mortality according to lifestyle factors. Model adjusted for age, and all the variables listed in the figure. The time-varying covariate (TVC) section provided results on the interaction between meat intake, physical activity and time (years). TVC represents covariate × time interaction. HRs for daily meat × time and physical activity × time was 1.05 (95% CI 1.02–1.08) and 1.07 (95% CI 1.05–1.09), respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Median differences of survival according to healthy lifestyle score and smoking status stratified by status of chronic diseases. Results were from Laplace regression, adjusted for age, sex, residence, job (manual vs. non-manual) before age of 60 years, and alcohol drinking. Healthy lifestyle score included daily intake of fruit, vegetable, and having physical activity. Each factor scored 1. CI: Confidence Interval.
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