Table 1

Intake of total whole grains and effect on coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all cause mortality, and cause specific mortality. Analysis of low versus high intake and dose-response analysis

	High v low analysis				Dose-response analysis
	No of studies	RR* (95% CI)	I²	P value†	Dose (g/day)	No of studies	RR* (95% CI)	I²	P value†
Incidence
Coronary heart disease	5	0.80 (0.74 to 0.87)	0	0.62	90	5	0.84 (0.77 to 0.92)	34	0.20
Stroke	3	0.86 (0.60 to 1.20)	65	0.06	90	3	0.84 (0.59 to 1.20)	74	0.02
Cardiovascular disease	2	0.89 (0.81 to 0.99)	0	0.40	90	2	0.87 (0.78 to 0.97)	0	0.85
Incidence or mortality
Coronary heart disease	6	0.79 (0.73 to 0.86)	0	0.63	90	7	0.81 (0.75 to 0.87)	9	0.36
Stroke	5	0.87 (0.72 to 1.05)	32	0.21	90	6	0.88 (0.75 to 1.03)	56	0.04
Cardiovascular disease	9	0.84 (0.80 to 0.87)	0	0.48	90	10	0.78 (0.73 to 0.85)	40	0.09
Mortality
Coronary heart disease	2	0.65 (0.52 to 0.83)	33	0.22	90	3	0.81 (0.74 to 0.89)	10	0.33
Stroke	2	0.85 (0.64 to 1.13)	0	0.99	90	3	0.86 (0.74 to 0.99)	34	0.20
Cardiovascular disease	7	0.81 (0.75 to 0.87)	37	0.15	90	8	0.71 (0.61 to 0.82)	72	0.001
Total cancer	6	0.89 (0.82 to 0.96)	72	0.003	90	6	0.85 (0.80 to 0.91)	37	0.16
All cause	9	0.82 (0.77 to 0.88)	83	<0.001	90	11	0.83 (0.77 to 0.90)	83	<0.001
Respiratory disease	4	0.81 (0.69 to 0.94)	63	0.05	90	4	0.78 (0.70 to 0.87)	0	0.46
Diabetes	4	0.64 (0.42 to 0.98)	64	0.04	90	4	0.49 (0.23 to 1.05)	85	<0.001
Infectious disease	3	0.80 (0.68 to 0.96)	0	0.68	90	3	0.74 (0.56 to 0.96)	0	0.85
Nervous system disease	2	1.13 (0.89 to 1.43)	29	0.24	90	2	1.15 (0.66 to 2.02)	79	0.03
Non-cardiovascular, non-cancer causes	5	0.79 (0.69 to 0.92)	86	<0.001	90	5	0.78 (0.75 to 0.82)	0	0.99

*RR<1 favours those with higher intake

†P for heterogeneity.