Table 2

Intakes of subtypes of grains and effect on coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. Analysis of high versus low intake and dose-response analysis

Type of grain	High v low analysis				Dose-response analysis
Type of grain	No of studies	RR* (95% CI)	I²	P value†	Dose (g/day)	No of studies	RR* (95% CI)	I²	P value†
Coronary heart disease
Whole grain bread	7	0.83 (0.75 to 0.92)	0	0.64	90	5	0.83 (0.76 to 0.92)	0	0.53
Whole grain breakfast cereals	4	0.72 (0.64 to 0.82)	0	0.92	30	4	0.81 (0.75 to 0.88)	0	0.69
Rye products	2	0.81 (0.70 to 0.94)	0	0.47	30	2	0.97 (0.91 to 1.05)	54	0.14
Added bran	3	0.78 (0.63 to 0.95)	65	0.06	10	2	0.72 (0.58 to 0.89)	34	0.22
Germ	2	0.73 (0.33 to 1.64)	65	0.09	2	2	0.88 (0.76 to 1.03)	0	0.65
Refined grains	4	1.16 (0.84 to 1.59)	48	0.12	90	5	1.13 (0.90 to 1.42)	57	0.05
White bread	2	1.07 (0.86 to 1.34)	50	0.16	90	2	0.96 (0.53 to 1.76)	86	0.007
Refined grain breakfast cereals	2	1.15 (0.79 to 1.67)	70	0.07	30	2	1.14 (0.75 to 1.73)	72	0.06
Total rice	4	0.98 (0.90 to 1.07)	0	0.44	100	4	0.99 (0.95 to 1.03)	7	0.36
Total grains	3	1.07 (0.91 to 1.25)	0	0.47	90	2	1.07 (0.88 to 1.30)	0	0.40
Stroke
Whole grain bread	2	0.88 (0.75 to 1.03)	0	0.89	90	1	0.88 (0.72 to 1.07)	—	—
Whole grain breakfast cereals	2	0.99 (0.53 to 1.86)	77	0.04	30	2	1.07 (0.69 to 1.64)	78	0.03
Refined grains	4	0.95 (0.78 to 1.14)	23	0.28	90	5	0.91 (0.81 to 1.02)	29	0.23
Total rice	4	1.02 (0.94 to 1.11)	0	0.95	100	4	1.00 (0.97 to 1.03)	0	0.87
Total grains	4	0.89 (0.79 to 1.00)	6	0.36	90	5	0.93 (0.85 to 1.02)	62	0.03
Cardiovascular disease
Whole grain bread	4	0.83 (0.75 to 0.92)	0	0.78	90	3	0.87 (0.80 to 0.95)	0	0.71
Whole grain breakfast cereals	2	0.74 (0.65 to 0.84)	4	0.31	30	2	0.84 (0.78 to 0.90)	0	0.82
Bran	3	0.82 (0.76 to 0.88)	0	0.64	10	2	0.85 (0.79 to 0.90)	0	0.37
Germ	2	1.06 (0.97 to 1.16)	0	0.41	2	2	1.05 (0.96 to 1.15)	0	0.41
Refined grains	2	1.02 (0.91 to 1.14)	16	0.27	90	3	0.98 (0.90 to 1.06)	56	0.11
Total breakfast cereals	2	0.80 (0.70 to 0.90)	55	0.14	30	3	0.80 (0.68 to 0.93)	73	0.03
Total rice	3	0.96 (0.90 to 1.03)	0	0.54	100	3	0.98 (0.95 to 1.00)	0	0.47
Total grains	3	0.94 (0.84 to 1.06)	0	0.47	90	1	0.83 (0.70 to 1.00)	—	—
Total cancer
Whole grain bread	3	0.89 (0.78 to 1.01)	42	0.18	90	3	0.91 (0.85 to 0.96)	0	0.63
Brown rice	3	1.07 (0.91 to 1.26)	27	0.26	100	3	0.98 (0.92 to 1.04)	0	0.61
Refined grains	1	0.98 (0.82 to 1.16)	—	—	90	2	0.94 (0.90 to 0.99)	0	0.60
White rice	3	0.87 (0.76 to 1.01)	53	0.12	100	3	0.98 (0.92 to 1.05)	49	0.14
Total breakfast cereals	1	0.90 (0.86 to 0.95)	—	—	30	2	0.90 (0.82 to 1.00)	36	0.21
Total rice	4	0.95 (0.88 to 1.02)	65	0.03	100	4	0.98 (0.95 to 1.01)	55	0.08
Total grains	1	0.92 (0.80 to 1.06)	—	—	90	2	0.97 (0.96 to 0.99)	0	0.51
All cause mortality
Whole grain bread	5	0.81 (0.74 to 0.88)	57	0.05	90	2	0.85 (0.82 to 0.89)	0	0.36
Whole grain breakfast cereals	3	0.79 (0.72 to 0.86)	50	0.14	30	2	0.87 (0.84 to 0.90)	0	0.85
Oats or oatmeal	3	0.89 (0.76 to 1.04)	90	<0.001	20	1	0.88 (0.83 to 0.92)	—	—
Refined grains	2	1.02 (0.93 to 1.12)	0	0.64	90	4	0.95 (0.91 to 0.99)	20	0.29
Pasta	1	0.61 (0.26 to 1.45)	—	—	150	2	0.85 (0.74 to 0.99)	54	0.14
Total bread	3	0.77 (0.72 to 0.81)	0	0.42	90	3	0.83 (0.80 to 0.85)	0	0.41
Total breakfast cereals	2	0.87 (0.81 to 0.93)	47	0.17	30	3	0.89 (0.83 to 0.96)	92	<0.001
Total grains	13	0.91 (0.87 to 0.95)	4	0.41	90	7	0.96 (0.90 to 1.02)	71	0.002

*RR<1 favours those with higher intake.

†P for heterogeneity.