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How to Choose the Best Laptop Processor in 2024

Does your notebook need a Core Ultra 5, a Ryzen 9, or something in between? Our guide to today's mobile CPUs will help you get the most powerful laptop for your money.

(Credit: AMD, Intel)

Just as with desktops, at the heart of every laptop computer is a central processing unit (CPU), commonly called a processor, that's responsible for nearly everything that goes on inside. Today's laptops use a slew of different CPUs made by AMD, Intel, Apple, and Qualcomm—seemingly endless options with byzantine names. But choosing one is easier than you think once you know a few ground rules.

This article will help you decrypt the technical jargon that haunts every laptop specification sheet—from core count to gigahertz and from TDP to cache—to help you pick the one that suits you best. With almost no exceptions, a laptop processor can't be changed or upgraded later as some desktops' can, so it's essential to make the right choice from the start. (With that in mind, also check out our guide to the best CPUs for desktops.)


First Up: Some Basic Laptop CPU Concepts

The CPU is responsible for the primary logic operations in the computer. It has a hand in everything: mouse clicks, the smoothness of streaming video, responding to your commands in games, encoding your family's home videos, and more. It's the most important piece of hardware inside.

Before we get into specific CPU recommendations, let's build an understanding of what differentiates one chip from another by focusing on the main traits that laptop processors have in common.


Laptop Processor Architecture: The Silicon Underpinnings

Every processor is based on an underlying design called an instruction-set architecture. This blueprint determines how the processor understands computer code. Since software operating systems and applications are written to work most efficiently—or sometimes only—on a certain architecture, this is probably the most important decision point for your next processor.

Broadly speaking, modern laptop processors use either Arm or x86 architecture. The latter was created by Intel in 1978 and dominates the PC industry, with Intel and AMD battling for market-share supremacy. Arm-based chips, on the other hand, are produced by hundreds of different companies under license from the British firm Arm Limited, majority-owned by Softbank. (For a while, it looked as if Nvidia was on the path to acquiring Arm, but the graphics chipmaker abandoned its efforts.)

Found in billions of devices from smartphones to supercomputers, Arm chips had minimal PC presence—seen only in some Chromebooks and a handful of Qualcomm-based Windows laptops—until Apple dropped Intel for its own Arm-architecture M1 processors in late 2020. Apple's adoption, now in its M2 and M3 generations, is a leading reason Arm chips are seeing wider acceptance as an alternative to x86 for mainstream computing. (See our Apple M3 CPU tests.)

Apple's latest MacBook Pros feature M2 and M3 chips.
(Credit: Joseph Maldonado)

Your architecture choice is preordained if you're an Apple user, since all MacBooks now use M2 or M3 processors. But Microsoft Windows, ChromeOS, and many Linux operating systems are compatible with both Arm and x86. So far, we haven't been impressed when reviewing today's few Qualcomm Windows machines like the Microsoft Surface Pro 9 SQ3 tablet and the Lenovo ThinkPad X13s Gen 1, so we suggest Windows users stick with the x86 architecture until more apps are written to run natively on Arm.

Microsoft's Surface Pro 9 tablet, one of the rare Arm-based Windows PCs
(Credit: Joseph Maldonado)

Software written for x86 can operate on Arm chips via an emulation layer, but the process greatly slows performance compared to native Arm code. Similarly, the Arm CPUs (notably from MediaTek) we've tried in low-cost Chromebooks have proven much less peppy than the Intel and AMD processors in midrange and premium models.

That said, we're looking forward to testing the Snapdragon X Elite in 2024. Qualcomm's newest flagship CPU looks to be a high-efficiency contender. (We got a performance taster of the chip line, code-named "Oryon," last fall.)


Core and Thread Count: Firing on All (CPU) Cylinders

Current laptop CPUs are composed of two or more physical cores. A core is essentially a logical brain. All else being equal, more cores are better than fewer, though there's a ceiling to how many you can take advantage of in any given situation. A popular and much-simplified analogy is the number of cylinders in a car engine.

It's hard to find a modern laptop with fewer than four processor cores; quad-core chips are basically today's bare minimum for everyday tasks such as internet surfing, word processing, and video streaming. Serious multitaskers will be better off with a six-, eight-, or even 10-core processor.

Core counts between Intel and AMD CPUs vary drastically, and are further complicated by newer Intel chips' containing multiple core types (what the company calls "Performance" and "Efficient" cores). With very latest "Meteor Lake" Core Ultra chips, Intel has also introduced what it calls "Low Power E-cores," designed to save battery by taking on the PC's lowest-lift tasks. (More about those later.)

For processor-intensive applications such as video editing and gaming, we recommend a six- or eight-core AMD processor or an Intel chip with six or more Performance cores. CPUs of this caliber are typically found in midsize and larger rather than ultraportable compact laptops, since they demand extra cooling. (More about different tiers of CPU in a minute, when we get into Intel and AMD chip specifics.)

There's also the issue of thread count. We're not talking about linens and sheets here but processing threads—tasks, or portions of a task, for the computer to perform. Computers routinely juggle hundreds or thousands of threads (tasks or subtasks), though a processor can work on only so many threads at a time. That number equals its thread count, which is often (but not always) double its core count.

A schematic of an eight-core Intel CPU
(Credit: Intel)

In olden days, CPU cores could process only one thread at a time, but most of today's processors have thread-doubling technology that lets one core work on two threads simultaneously—an eight-core chip, for example, handling 16 threads at any given instant. Intel calls this tech Hyper-Threading; the generic term is simultaneous multithreading (SMT).

Don't consider a CPU that can't process at least four threads at once; users working on heavy media-creation or -conversion tasks will want the ability to handle a dozen or more. Core count trumps thread count; other factors being equal, an eight-core CPU without multithreading will generally outperform a quad-core with it. Of course, in the silicon sphere, other factors are seldom equal; that's why so many varieties of chips exist. (And yes, Intel's recent expansion of possible core types has made CPUs even harder to compare than ever.)


Clock Speed: The CPU Stopwatch

Okay, a processor with X cores and Y addressable threads can tackle more tasks at a time than the same chip with just X number of cores. But how long does it take to finish one task and go on to the next? A CPU's operating frequency is known as its clock speed, measured in megahertz (MHz) or more often gigahertz (GHz)—a driver of how many instructions or basic operations the processor can crunch through per second. Higher clock speeds are generally better, though things get muddy when comparing speeds between different brands or even between chips of the same brand. That's because some CPUs are more efficient than others, able to process just as many instructions per second despite operating at a lower clock speed. Still, clock speed can be important when comparing chips within a single vendor's lineup.

Could this get any more complicated? Sure: Today's CPUs typically advertise at least two different clock speeds: a base (minimum) clock, and a boost (maximum) clock. The latter is often dubbed turbo speed since Intel refers to the duality as Turbo Boost technology. When handling light workloads, the processor runs at its base clock, typically between 1GHz and 2GHz for mobile CPUs.

When more speed is needed, the CPU accelerates temporarily—often to 3.5GHz, 4GHz, or nearly 6GHz. Processors don't run at their peak or boost clock speeds all the time because they might overheat. Also, sometimes only one processing core operates in overdrive; at other times, only a certain subset of cores. With Intel's latest chips, you may encounter ratings for multiple possible peak clocks, depending on how many cores are boosted at a time. It all depends on the CPU and workload, and it makes comparing clock speeds increasingly apples-and-oranges as the years go by.

An Intel CPU manufacturing wafer
(Credit: Intel)

Laptop CPUs' boost clocks are often as high as their desktop counterparts', but these peak speeds are usually not sustained for as long, before the chip ramps down due to power or thermal limitations. This concept is called "throttling," a safety measure built into the processor to keep it running safely within its rated specifications rather than burning out.


Watt's Up: Understanding Processor Power Ratings

A good indicator of overall performance is a CPU's power rating, usually expressed as a single number—thermal design power (TDP)—in watts. This is less of a measurement of power consumption than a guideline for PC designers; it's the amount of thermal energy the cooling solution they pair with the processor must be able to dissipate for the chip to operate without overheating.

Intel's 12th through 14th Generation Core and new Core Ultra (Meteor Lake) processors have muddied the terminology with the measure "base power," which is essentially the same as TDP. To simplify laptop shopping, we're going to stick to the blanket term of processor power rating.

This rating varies greatly, from just a few watts (W) in the thinnest and lightest laptops (say, the 15W of many ultraportables) to 45W or 65W in beefy gaming rigs. There's more to choosing a laptop CPU than its power rating, but the higher the wattage, the better its relative performance should be.

Most laptops have cooling vents on the bottom and sides.
(Photo: Molly Flores)

Most mainstream laptop CPUs are rated between 15W and 28W, giving them a low enough thermal profile to work in slim notebook designs but sufficient power to approach desktop boost clocks for at least a short period. Notebooks with such chips almost always require active cooling—that is, the presence of one or two small onboard fans that spin up when the system grows warm. Laptops with fanless passive cooling are appealing because they're silent, but these designs are restricted to low-power processors. These chips will be adequate for everyday tasks but ill-suited for demanding jobs like video editing or analyzing large datasets.

Both AMD and Intel put the letter "H at the end of the model numbers of their most power-hungry mobile processors, found in gaming laptops, mobile workstations, and other desktop replacements. They're suited for the most demanding apps and intense multitasking. (More about model numbers and letters later.)

High-performance laptops often have multiple cooling fans.
(Credit: Charles Jefferies)

CPU Cache: You've Got Enough

When browsing through CPU specifications, you'll read about a processor's cache—a small memory pool, usually just a few megabytes, that's separate from the system's slower main memory (RAM). It helps the CPU manage its workflow by providing a lightning-fast way to retrieve data.

More cache—often subdivided into Level 1 through Level 3 (L1 through L3) cache depending on its closeness to the core logic—means quicker performance, but you can safely ignore this spec. The days when CPUs were sent out into the world with too little cache to perform effectively are over. We only mention it because it's one of the few processor specs you can safely ignore.


The GPU on the Chip: What Are Integrated Graphics?

Gaming laptops and mobile workstations depend on dedicated or discrete graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate 2D or 3D rendering, just as high-end desktops rely on AMD Radeon RX, Intel Arc, or Nvidia GeForce RTX-series graphics cards inserted into PCI Express slots on the motherboard. Laptops made for everyday office productivity usually don't need discrete GPUs—they take care of drawing the onscreen display with an integrated graphics processor (IGP) that's part and parcel of the main processor chip. Most mobile CPUs contain IGP silicon, carrying a label such as AMD Radeon Graphics or Intel Iris Xe Graphics.

We'll dive deeper into integrated graphics performance later. For now, just know that while the latest processors can handle light or casual gaming—Intel, especially, has made considerable strides since the molasses-like graphics of its older CPUs—serious gamers and CAD or CGI renderers will unquestionably want a laptop with a powerful discrete GPU under the hood.


Which Way to Go: Intel or AMD?

With the basics covered, let's start with specific processor brands. This section will focus on the x86 processors offered by AMD and Intel since Apple's MacBooks have transitioned to the company's own Arm-based chips. (If you want a MacBook, you get an Apple M-series chip in any new model, full stop.)

Intel dominated the notebook processor market through the 2010s with faster, more power-efficient chips that mostly relegated AMD to entry-level economy laptops. But AMD has come roaring back, and the two have been fierce competitors for market share so far through the 2020s.

An AMD-based Lenovo Legion 7 Gen 7 gaming notebook
(Credit: Kyle Cobian)

We're just starting to see 14th Gen Intel and AMD Ryzen 8000 series chips at the very highest end of the laptop market, so we can't speak to the current absolute performance crown, but the two rivals have been duking it out hard over the last couple of years and generations with their top-end HX-series processors head to head. Both have credible offerings. (See, for example, our test feature on AMD's Ryzen 7000 "Dragon Range" versus Intel's 13th Gen "Raptor Lake.") Even before that in recent years, AMD has shown mobile-CPU muscle and proven it's more than fast enough to compete.

Intel arguably retains the favor of corporate and enterprise IT managers who lean toward the "safe buy" and like the remote deployment, manageability, and security features of processors with Intel's vPro technology (which typically show up in business-specific, rather than consumer-minded, versions of laptops). But even stalwart business brands like Lenovo's ThinkPad and HP's EliteBook lines now include AMD-based models.


The ABCs of the Archrivals: Core, Ryzen and More

AMD and Intel differentiate their laptop processors according to all of the basic concepts discussed earlier, but most shoppers know them by their top-level branding. Here are their basic product lines by intended market.

For years, Intel tagged its laptop and desktop processors in ascending order of performance with the vaguely BMW-like numeric names Core i3, i5, i7, and i9, roughly mimicked by AMD's Ryzen 3, 5, 7, and 9. Intel recently overhauled its labeling in a move bound to create confusion, at least in the short term. Now the Core i3 and newer Core 3 go against AMD's Ryzen 3; the Core i5, Core 5, and Core Ultra 5 compete with the Ryzen 5; and Intel's Core i7 and i9, and Core 7, Core Ultra 7, and Core Ultra 9 square off against AMD's Ryzen 7 and Ryzen 9.

Among laptops and Chromebooks costing just a few hundred dollars, AMD's Athlon chips vie with Intel's N and U series. At the opposite end of the market, Intel has discontinued its laptop-grade Xeons in favor of adding mobile-workstation-class features such as support for error-correcting-code (ECC) memory to its highest-end Core chips. The Core HX chips are targeted toward workstation use, with higher power ratings and extra PCI Express lanes.

For most shoppers, the middle members of the Core and Ryzen families will offer the best balance of performance and value. The Ryzen 5 and Core i5, Core 5, and Core Ultra 5 are particularly well-rounded. Supporting multithreading across the board in their latest generations, they're more powerful than the Ryzen and Core chips bearing the number 3 but generally cost less than those starring the number 7.

The latter are tempting choices for power users and gamers, while users with cash to burn—professionals for whom wait time means money in number-crunching or media rendering—are the main candidates to spring for a Core i9, Core Ultra 9, or Ryzen 9. They're overkill for most everyone else.


Laptop Processor Generations and Codenames: Here's Your Decoder Ring

Intel used to delineate its processors by generation (12th Gen CPUs with model numbers beginning with 12; 13th Gen chips beginning with 13), but quit the practice with its 14th Gen parts in favor of generation-less Core and Core Ultra. AMD still embeds the generation in the model number; the Ryzen 9 7940HS, for instance, is a top-of-the-line (Ryzen 9 rather than 5 or 7) chip of the seventh generation. (See our guide to decoding AMD mobile CPUs with a literal decoder wheel!) The graphic below sums it up nicely:

(Credit: AMD )

Tech sites like PCMag also indulge in the codenames used by AMD and Intel to differentiate chips while in development, such as "Raptor Lake" for Intel's 13th Gen Core and "Phoenix" for AMD's Ryzen 7000 series mobile CPUs. These inside-baseball terms are industry lingo more than consumer marketing terms, but they still get quoted even after chips are released. Confusingly, a single processor generation may go by more than one codename.

An Intel "Tiger Lake" laptop CPU die
(Credit: Intel)

(Pro tip: Intel's ARK site lets you drill down into processor generations and codenames. We often reference major Intel and AMD codenames before chips are released, and sometimes after; you can winnow our coverage by searching our site for a given codename.)

Knowing a CPU's generation or codename can help determine when it was released and locate specific performance data on it. The two rivals typically refresh their processors every 12 to 18 months. Unless there's some financial incentive to getting a laptop with an older chip, we advise buying the most recent generation to ensure you're getting the newest features and the most longevity from your purchase. We'll have more on chip lines later, but here are cheat sheets to the laptop-CPU codenames of the last five years:


Key Processor Series: It's All in the Name (Well, Sometimes)

As mentioned earlier, AMD and Intel subclassify their processors by power rating. The power rating is important since it determines a processor's clock speed and thus its performance. The rule is the higher the power rating, the higher the clock speeds, especially under sustained use.

Both chipmakers denote their highest-wattage—which is to say highest-performing or most desktop-like—laptop chips with an H suffix, for a power rating of 45W. AMD also uses an HX suffix and Intel both HX and HK suffixes for chips that can be run at greater than 45W, with overclocking features for extreme-performance gaming rigs and workstations.

The next rung down in power is AMD's HS suffix, rated for 35 watts. Confusingly, as of the Core Ultra line Intel has H-class processors that can be rated for 28W; these replaced Intel's P-suffix chips, which only existed for the past few generations. A laptop with a 45W processor will offer greater performance (but, probably, shorter battery life) than one with a 28W chip; the latter represents a middle ground between the highest- and lowest-power CPUs.

The chips with the lowest power ratings carry a U suffix; they're usually rated for 15W but can be set lower (typically to 10W for AMD and 9W for Intel). These have low base clocks (typically between 1GHz and 2GHz) and can maintain their turbo clocks only for short bursts; chips with higher power ratings can run flat out for much longer. But for tasks that use CPU power mainly in spurts of a few seconds, a U- and an H-suffix chip can perform similarly.

A rendering of an AMD Ryzen 4000 series laptop CPU
(Credit: AMD)

Cores and Thread Count: Breaking It Out by Line

As you'd imagine, the core and thread counts of Intel and AMD CPUs vary by product line and TDP rating, with processors numbered 7 and 9 usually having more than those numbered 3 and 5. We've mapped it out for chips released over the last five years:

Be careful generalizing about core count, however. As mentioned earlier, starting with the 12th Generation, many (but not all) Intel mobile processors combine two types of cores, Performance (P-cores) and Efficient (E-cores). The very latest "Meteor Lake" chips introduce a third kind of core, Low-Power Efficient (LPE-cores). As you can imagine, this makes Intel's recent CPUs virtually impossible to compare core-to-core with their AMD rivals, whose cores are all the same type.

Core counts generally increase with power rating. Intel's U-series chips have up to 12 cores while AMD's have up to eight. Thread count varies, too; all AMD Ryzen cores support multithreading, while Intel's E- and LPE-cores don't. (Intel's Core Ultra 7 155H, for example, has six Performance, eight Efficient, and two Low-Power Efficient cores totaling support for 22 threads.) Meanwhile, Intel N-series and some earlier AMD Ryzen 3 chips do not support multithreading.

For more on Intel's, ahem, cornucopia of cores, see our "Meteor Lake" teardown.

Intel's Performance and Efficient core design laid out
(Credit: Intel)

Gauging Integrated Graphics Performance

As noted earlier, most notebooks other than mobile workstations and gaming laptops get by with their CPUs' integrated graphics. (Most laptops that have discrete GPUs can also switch them off, using the processor's IGP to save battery power when maximum 3D performance isn't needed.)

Until recently, most Intel mobile processors included what the company called UHD or Iris Xe integrated graphics, which offered sufficient performance for plugging in a desktop monitor, smooth video streaming or animation, and casual or browser-based gaming but fell far short of the muscle required for even relatively undemanding PC games such as Fortnite. (See our 2021 benchmarking of integrated graphics.)

Intel's Iris Xe integrated graphics silicon outperformed the company's earlier UHD Graphics.
(Credit: John Burek)

But graphics solutions aren't just about gaming; they can also improve performance for photo and video editing and live streaming. AMD's and Intel's latest IGPs are capable of all that and even modest gaming at 720p or, in some cases, 1080p resolution. Intel's new Core Ultra CPUs feature what the company calls Arc Graphics; AMD uses the AMD Radeon Graphics label for its current integrated silicon. (We did a test round of the latest Intel Arc integrated graphics that's worth checking out.)

Acer's 2024 Swift Go 14: Our "integrated Arc" testing sample
(Credit: Joseph Maldonado)

Business Considerations (Intel vPro and AMD Pro)

Also as mentioned earlier, corporate IT managers know that the x86 duo offer processors with remote management technologies—dubbed Intel vPro and AMD Pro—to help businesses deploy and manage laptop fleets with features such as remote updates and enhanced security. (The mixtures of services offered under these umbrellas differs with each generation; check out the details at the chipmakers' websites.)

AMD indicates whether a CPU has AMD Pro as part of the product name, e.g., Ryzen 7 versus Ryzen 7 Pro. Intel is more subtle about vPro support, leaving it out of names and model numbers though it's listed on the CPU specification pages available via the invaluable ARK online database.


Is Laptop CPU Overclocking Possible?

Nearly all laptop CPUs are incapable of overclocking—that is, they don't let hot-rod users crank their clock speeds beyond factory ratings as some power-user desktop processors do. Intel Core processors with HK and HX suffixes are exceptions, as are AMD's Ryzen HX series.

Those special suffixes mean the processor has unlocked multipliers, which can be used to modify the clock speed. (See our How to Overclock Your Intel CPU feature for desktop details; the process is much the same but with less thermal leeway on a laptop.) Intel's latest overclockable mobile chip is the Core i9-13900HK.

An overclockable CPU requires a robust cooling system.
(Credit: Zlata Ivleva)

Why not widely allow laptop CPU overclocking? The main reason is that laptops are built around strict thermal limitations. Hiking clock speed increases power draw and generates more heat, which can cause overheating—at best unwanted throttling, at worst instability or burnout. All told, laptop overclocking is a novelty found only on a handful of bleeding-edge gaming rigs with Intel K-series chips and loud cooling fans.


Summing It Up: Which Processor Should You Get?

The good news for consumers is that, despite the unprecedented amount of choice and complexity, today is an excellent time to buy a laptop of any kind. Though a supercheap notebook may have a sluggish entry-level CPU, nearly all $500-and-up models will feature a processor that's more than responsive enough for everyday operations. There's no power shortage for more demanding gaming, content creation, and workstation customers, either, with AMD, Intel, and Apple all having competitive offerings. (Check out our gaming laptop guide for much more on picking a processor and the complex interactions among the CPU, GPU, and gaming performance.)

If you're an Apple laptop shopper, your choice is already made, since the company ditched Intel for its house-brand Arm processors several years ago. Today's M2 and M3 MacBooks are highly competitive with AMD- and Intel-based Windows machines, and often superior in battery life and even faster for specialized applications. The M3 Max-equipped 16-inch Apple MacBook Pro is arguably today's laptop speed king.

Windows and ChromeOS laptop buyers face a much greater choice among AMD and Intel CPUs, with a few Arm chips thrown in. Even inexpensive Chromebooks generally deliver a smooth computing experience, though we've found Arm-based models more sluggish than x86. (Google's new, more upscale Chromebook Plus platform, introduced in late 2023, dictates an Intel or AMD chip.) If you go for an AMD Chromebook, opt for one of the recent Ryzen C Chromebook-specific chips rather than one of the aged A-series. Similarly, an Intel Core CPU will run ChromeOS better than an older N- or U-series or Pentium or Celeron.

Acer's Chromebook Spin 714 features a peppy Intel Core i5 processor.
(Credit: Molly Flores)

Again, AMD's Ryzen and Intel's Core lines are the mainstays of the modern Windows market for both business and consumer laptops. Until recently AMD won benchmark battles for core- and thread-hungry apps such as content creation, but Intel's last two generations' P- and E-cores have come roaring back. Outside of specific usage scenarios and benchmarks, however, like-priced Intel and AMD laptops will offer similar and more than ample performance. This gives you, with rare exceptions, the freedom to focus on a laptop's design and features first and its CPU second.


Down and Dirty Specs: A Guide to the Very Latest Laptop CPUs

We haven't tested every laptop CPU on the planet—probably no one outside of Intel's and AMD's labs has—but with our general advice behind us, let's wrap up with more specific processor recommendations for various x86 usage scenarios.

Beyond that general guide, you can get more granular with cheat sheets for the most common current-generation Intel and AMD laptop CPUs, along with their suggested usages and the kinds of systems in which you'll find them. These final two tables should be helpful when shopping the latest-model laptops.

You'll still see plenty of notebooks on sale with one- or two-year-old processors, so an exhaustive list would be impossibly unwieldy, but if you're considering one of Intel's or AMD's older CPU families, it's usually easy to identify the parallel previous-gen versions of the chips listed below. You can safely assume that they'll offer slightly lesser performance than the latest parts but hold the same relative place in the company hierarchy.

First, a look at the Intel lineup:

Look at the chart above, and the Intel mobile processor world might seem dominated by the latest "Meteor Lake" and 14th Gen "Raptor Lake Refresh" lines. But 12th and 13th Generation Intel Core laptops still dominate the shelves, and we consider them fine performers in their classes (and they'll show up, increasingly, at bargain prices).

And now for the up-to-the-minute AMD lineup:

As we said, you may see these CPUs in fewer laptops overall, but don't hesitate; contemporary AMD processors can perform just as well as their Intel archrivals. And as with Intel, there's no harm in buying a laptop with an AMD chip that's a generation or two old if you can get one at a discount.

Best of luck with your laptop hunt! As always, for nitty-gritty details, you can check out our endless stream of reviews and list of our current favorites among overall, ultraportable, gaming, and workstation notebooks (with links to many reviews). Any given notebook's performance in our benchmarks may not match the results you'd get from the same chip in another system with more or less memory and a different thermal design. But our detailed tests will get you close enough in your decision that you won't be able to tell the differences without a stopwatch. And you can safely leave that stuff to us.

About Charles Jefferies