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    What is a valid travel document is defined in the European Agreement on Regulations governing the Movement of Persons between Member States of the Council of Europe (of 1957-12-13, last update of Appendix: 2016-11-30) Article 1(1): Nationals of the Contracting Parties, whatever their country of residence, may enter or leave the territory of another Party by all frontiers on presentation of one of the documents listed in the Appendix to this Agreement, which is an integral part thereof. Commented Sep 12, 2022 at 5:37
  • For France this is a National passport of the French Republic, valid or expired within the last five years; Valid French identity card. Annex to the European Agreement on Regulations governing the Movement of Persons between Member States of the Council (PDF) Commented Sep 12, 2022 at 5:38
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    @MarkJohnson the 1957 agreement is as distinct from the 2004 directive as the Council of Europe is from the European Union. The fact that there is a list of documents that satisfy the 1957 agreement does not prevent other documents from satisfying the 2004 directive.
    – phoog
    Commented Sep 12, 2022 at 6:13
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    @MarkJohnson Look at it this way: what would a German police officer do with someone who claimed French citizenship but who only had a US passport for identification? The person isn't violating any laws unless the claim is incorrect.
    – phoog
    Commented Sep 12, 2022 at 6:20
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    @MarkJohnson do you imagine that the emphasized "without prejudice" clause preserves the provisions of the 1957 agreement? If so then Germany would be able to require visas of French citizens coming for a long stay or to work: "Valid passports and visas may be required for all visits of more than three months' duration or whenever the territory of another Party is entered for the purpose of pursuing a gainful activity."
    – phoog
    Commented Sep 12, 2022 at 6:32