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  • "though likely you'd see evidence of that." In which way would I see evidence of that? I did a comparison with my backup using FreeFileSnyc and I got errors "The file attributes of ... could not be read. EIO: Input / Output error [lstat]"
    – Make42
    Commented Oct 3, 2023 at 22:54
  • For the HDD, lost files and additional bad sectors are evidence. However, there are soft errors, i.e., those that can be fixed by by fsck (tecmint.com/fsck-repair-file-system-errors-in-linux), and hard errors, i.e., physical damage to platter(s), which cannot be fixed. Run fsck and compare again. Commented Oct 4, 2023 at 1:44