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  • +1: This is a very good answer that is straight forward and to the point. I started writing an answer about how a file can be marked sparse, or you don't have permissions to read the file, etc...
    – surfasb
    Commented Jun 26, 2017 at 17:59
  • @surfasb if you have the time, I would really appreciate that complex answer. This one is correct and concise, but if you can tell me more, I'd love to hear it. Commented Jun 27, 2017 at 11:25
  • The simplest way is probably to read through the Ext4 specification. This page explains a lot: ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Disk_Layout. The pricipals are similar for most other filesystems.
    – Magnus
    Commented Jun 28, 2017 at 12:15