For Linux

• ##Pynotify

Pyinotify is a Python module for monitoring filesystems changes. Pyinotify relies on a Linux Kernel feature (merged in kernel 2.6.13) called inotify, which is an event-driven notifier. Its notifications are exported from kernel space to user space through three system calls. Pyinotify binds these system calls and provides an implementation on top of them offering a generic and abstract way to manipulate those functionalities.

[Here](http://pyinotify.sourceforge.net/#The_EventsCodes_Class) you can find the list of the events that can be monitored with `Pynotify`.

Example usage:

import pyinotify

    class EventHandler(pyinotify.ProcessEvent):
        def process_IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE(self, event):
            print "File was closed without writing: " + event.pathname
        def process_IN_CLOSE_WRITE(self, event):
            print "File was closed with writing: " + event.pathname

    def watch(filename):
        wm = pyinotify.WatchManager()
        mask = pyinotify.IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE | pyinotify.IN_CLOSE_WRITE
        wm.add_watch(filename, mask)
        
        eh = EventHandler()
        notifier = pyinotify.Notifier(wm, eh)
        notifier.loop()
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        watch('/path/to/file')

For Windows

• Watcher

Note: Watcher has been last updated in February 2011, so its probably safe to skip this one.

`Watcher` is a low-level `C` extension for receiving file system updates using the `ReadDirectoryChangesW` API on Windows systems. The package also includes a high-level interface to emulate most of the .NET `FileSystemWatcher` API.  

The closest one can get to detecting file close events with Watcher is to monitor the FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_LAST_WRITE and/or FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_LAST_ACCESS events.

Example usage:

    import watcher
    w = watcher.Watcher(dir, callback)
    w.flags = watcher.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_LAST_WRITE
    w.start()

• Watchdog

  Python API and shell utilities to monitor file system events. Easy install: $ pip install watchdog. For more info visit the documentation.
  Watchdog on Windows relies on the ReadDirectoryChangesW API, which brings its caveats as with Watcher and other libraries relying on the same API.

• Pywatch

  A python near-clone of the Linux watch command. The pywatch.watcher.Watcher class can be told to watch a set of files, and given a set of commands to run whenever any of those files change. It can only monitor the file changed event, since it relies on polling the stat's st_mtime.

Bonus for Windows with NTFS:

• NTFS USN Journal

  The NTFS USN (Update Sequence Number) Journal is a feature of NTFS which maintains a record of changes made to the volume. The reason it is listed as a Bonus is because unlike the other entries, it is not a specific library, but rather a feature existing on NTFS system. So if you are using other Windows filesystems (like FAT, ReFS, etc..) this does not apply.
  The way it works it that the system records all changes made to the volume in the USN Journal file, with each volume having its own instance. Each record in the Change Journal contains the USN, the name of the file, and information about what the change was.

  The main reason this method is interesting for this question is that, unlike most of the other methods, this one provides a way to detect a file close event, defined as USN_REASON_CLOSE. More information with a complete list of events can be found in this MSDN article. For a complete documentation about USN Journaling, visit this MSDN page.

  There are multiple ways to access the USN Journal from Python, but the only mature option seems to be the ntfsjournal module.

Multiplatform

• Qt's QFileSystemWatcher

  The QFileSystemWatcher class provides an interface for monitoring files and directories for modifications. This class was introduced in Qt 4.2.
  Unfortunately, its functionality is fairly limited, as it can only detect when a file has been modified, renamed or deleted, and when a new file was added to a directory.

Example usage:

    import sys
    from PyQt4 import QtCore

    def directory_changed(path):
        print('Directory Changed: %s' % path)
    
    def file_changed(path):
        print('File Changed: %s' % path)
    
    app = QtCore.QCoreApplication(sys.argv)
    
    paths = ['/path/to/file']
    fs_watcher = QtCore.QFileSystemWatcher(paths)
    fs_watcher.directoryChanged.connect(directory_changed)
    fs_watcher.fileChanged.connect(file_changed)
    
    app.exec_()