When reading various Stack Overflow questions and others' code the general consensus of how to design classes is closed. This means that by default in Java and C# everything is private, fields are final, some methods are final, and sometimes classes are even final.
The idea behind this is to hide implementation details, which is a very good reason. However with the existence of protected
in most OOP languages and polymorphism, this doesn't work.
Every time I wish to add or change functionality to a class I'm usually hindered by private and final placed everywhere. Here implementation details matter: you're taking the implementation and extending it, knowing full well what the consequences are. However because I can't get access to private and final fields and methods, I have three options:
- Don't extend the class, just work around the problem leading to code that's more complex
- Copy and paste the whole class, killing code reusability
- Fork the project
Those aren't good options. Why isn't protected
used in projects written in languages that support it? Why do some projects explicitly prohibit inheriting from their classes?