Harry rather thought he was being sneered at for acting like a Muggle
There's your answer right there. Harry is still emotionally vulnerable and is gearing up for a fight because Griphook is using a rancorous (characterized by bitterness or resentment) tone to address him. Harry assumes Griphook is looking down his nose at burying an Elf or rescuing a Goblin as something unfit for a Wizard, and Harry is sick of Griphook's complaints. He goes into sardonicism (characterized by bitter or scornful derision; mocking; cynical; sneering) with the "Well, I take it you're not sorry?" in frustration over the fact that he saved Griphook and Griphook was still complaining.
But in fact, Griphook is becoming cranky because Harry isn't fitting into Griphook's neat little xenophobic worldview, where Goblins are always the victims and Wizards always the perpetrators. Wizards aren't supposed to give a dungbomb about nonhumans, and Harry is actually doing manual labor (something Goblins do a lot of via making magic objects, and Wizards very much do not do) to bury a House Elf. How dare he be nice and cause Griphook internal turmoil when Griphook is having to deal with so much external turmoil!