The Mediterranean diet is an expression of the way of life and identity of the peoples and cultures that inhabit the region and is, therefore, a concept that goes far beyond food. It is rather a lifestyle based on tradition, sustainability and well-being. Thus, the consumption of local seasonal products, the preparation of dishes following traditional recipes and respect for the biodiversity of the environment are the pillars of such a varied diet, recognised as one of the healthiest in the world. This ensures the conservation of the territory and the development of traditional activities characteristic of each community. The preservation of the Mediterranean diet faced with the challenges brought about by globalisation is, therefore, a key element for the environmental sustainability of the region. made by its landscapes, ancient agricultural traditions and food acquisitions from other parts of the world. The Mediterranean diet is a result of the millennial history of the Mediterranean where traditions and creation are a result of crossing cultures in particular environmental conditions and the expression of a multi-faceted food universe. The ancient Greek word diaita means equilibrium, lifestyle. Therefore, the Mediterranean diet is more than just a diet; it is a whole lifestyle pattern with social and physical activity playing an important role. It was continuously recreated in response to the environment in the diverse Mediterranean communities, surrounding them with a feeling of cultural identity and historically forming part of their way of life.