OLED, QLED, QNED: What's the difference?

Shopping for a TV these days can feel a little like waking up on the day of a big test only to realize that you haven't studied any of the material. There's a long list of TV buzzwords, from Dolby Vision to eARC, and the list is always growing and evolving.

However, while you might not need to dive deep into the tech specs, some terminology is an absolute must to understand while shopping for a new TV. As the latest TVs make their way to market, you might find yourself considering an OLED, QLED, or even a new QNED TV. Here's a breakdown of the difference between these technologies (and others) so you can make an informed choice.

The basics

If you want to understand what terms like OLED or QLED mean, it's important to first understand some of the more traditional terminologies. If you already know what LED or LCD refers to in terms of TVs, you can skip this section. If not, it might be time to brush up on some of the basics.

The one thing that we see a lot of consumers get confused about is the difference between an "LED" and an "LCD" TV. So, here's the scoop: All LED TVs are LCD TVs. In fact, these days, if it's not a plasma TV (remember those?), an OLED TV, or one of the (very new) MicroLED TVs, it's an LCD TV.

LCD (or Liquid Crystal Display) refers to a kind of panel technology sometimes called "transmissive" technology. This is because LCDs need a separate lighting element—often just called a backlight—in order to transmit an image. By contrast, technologies like plasma, OLED, and MicroLED are called "emissive" because the panel creates, or emits, its own light. As you'll find out below, this basic function is what makes OLED TVs look so awesome.

As transmissive TVs go, what's often called an "LED TV" is just an LCD TV with an LED backlight. Ancient LCD TVs used cold-cathode fluorescent lights (CCFLs), while newer ones used more efficient LED lights, which is why the terminology came into being as a differentiator. Nowadays, any LCD TV you buy is going to use LEDs in its backlight. In fact, in the last few years even the basic LED backlight has been improved: mini-LEDs (more on these below) promise big improvements to basic backlight functions. As for the liquid crystal part: How it works is complicated, but all you really need to know is that it's a plastic substance that shifts between closed and open states (to let light pass through).

What is OLED?

OLED (short for organic light-emitting diode) is one of the most exciting display technologies right now—and for very good reason.

While traditional LED/LCD TVs rely on a backlight to illuminate the picture, each pixel in an OLED panel turns on and off independently. Instead of using a backlight, the pixels emit light all on their own, which makes OLED an "emissive" display technology.

This means that when the TV needs to display black, i.e. the absence of light, the pixels are turned off completely and you're getting "real" black where you need it. The end result is contrast that is essentially impossible to duplicate on traditional LED/LCD TVs, which use a backlight (or edge lighting) that can bloom or "halo" around the darkest areas on the screen.

For example, consider a movie or TV show's depiction of a starry night: While TVs using a standard LED backlight need to flood the entire night sky with at least some dim lighting in order to share that light between each twinkling dot, an OLED panel renders each star individually with pinpoints of bright, concentrated light consisting of a few self-illuminated pixels.

The surrounding night sky, therefore, is free to be as inky-black as the content's creator originally intended. It all comes down to contrast—the cornerstone of a display's overall performance. And OLED TVs produce the best contrast of any easily obtainable display tech on the market right now.

There is a catch, however: Most OLED TVs don't get quite as bright as some of their high-end competitors in the LCD class. The self-emitting nature of OLED pixels makes each of them an individual heat source, which imposes fundamental limitations as more of those pixels light up. This means that while tiny pinpoints like stars may look brilliantly bright, a tundra scene or hockey game will almost always be dimmer than it would be on a comparable, LED-backlit TV.

Other OLED advantages

Contrast also isn't the only thing these TVs do better than LED/LCD TVs. OLED TVs provide highly saturated colors (compared to LCD models) without the need for additional technology like color phosphors or quantum dots. Because OLED TVs don't need a backlight, they also don't need a variety of transistor/stabilizing layers within the panel, which allow them to be incredibly thin.

The thin profile of OLED TVs doesn't just look futuristic, though. Because there are fewer layers between the light source and the very front of the screen, the light waves have more lateral and diagonal movement in all directions, meaning that the image is preserved at much wider off-angles, both vertically and horizontally.

There are other pros and cons to OLED TV technology, but the key things you should know are that you should expect unbeatable contrast performance; vivid, naturally occurring colors; wide viewing angles; and, generally, higher price tags.

What is QLED?

The "O" in "OLED" stands for "organic," and the "Q" in "QLED" stands for "quantum"—quantum dots, to be precise. QLED essentially refers to an LED TV that's equipped with quantum dots (a quantum dot-equipped OLED TV may be possible, but no one has tried it yet).

What are quantum dots?

In a nutshell, quantum dots are microscopic nanocrystals that react to a specific color of (blue) light by emitting red and green light, depending on their size in nanometers. Quantum dots are usually applied as a film that covers the entire screen space inside the TV, but they're sometimes applied in tubes along the screen's perimeters (if the TV is edge-lit, for example).

The end result? TVs that can produce much more richly saturated colors, especially colors that rely on combinations of red and green, than those using the same backlighting technology without quantum dots.

Although the term "QLED" was originally popularized by Samsung to market its high-end quantum dot TVs, both Hisense and TCL have flirted with the moniker in the past, and Sony was actually the first TV manufacturer to wield quantum dots in its displays (known as Sony's Triluminos Color). Today, conducting a Google search for "QLED" produces mostly Samsung-related results, but for our purposes, the term is a catch-all for displays that feature quantum dots.

Emmissive vs transmissive displays

Here's an important distinction: Unlike OLED displays, which use emissive panel technology, quantum dot displays are a souped-up version of transmissive backlit TVs (LED/LCD models). This means that, while you'll almost assuredly bask in bright, beautiful colors when viewing a quantum dot TV, the TV in question will still rely on a backlight—you won't likely see black levels that plunge as deep as those on an OLED, nor will you get the same untarnished viewing angles.

That said, the benefit of quantum dots is unmistakable. TVs use a digital light color production process called "additive color," where grayscale hues (blacks, grays, and whites) are produced by combining the three primary colors in digital light: red, green, and blue (RGB). Quantum dots greatly enhance the color saturation of red and green, allowing LED/LCD TVs to catch up and even surpass OLED TVs in terms of color saturation. It could even be argued that quantum dots are the primary reason LED/LCD technology has remained relevant in the age of HDR.

The additive color method also relies on higher volumes of light to further saturate colors. That's the reason you can expect most TVs equipped with quantum dots to be brighter than average screens: The extent of an LED TV's color saturation is positively correlated with its backlight brightness. To that end, QLED TVs are some of the brightest we've ever seen, sometimes twice or even three times as bright as OLED TVs.

It's important to remember that, while QLED TVs are quantum dot TVs, not every quantum dot TV is called a "QLED" TV. But for the most part it doesn't matter—if you're dead-set on buying a TV with "QLED" in the name, what you probably mean is that you're dead-set on getting quantum dots.

What is QNED?

QNED is the moniker that LG has applied to its quantum dot-equipped (Q), NanoCell (N) "emitting diode (ED)" TVs. If you're scratching your head over this one, we don't blame you. But in LG's defense, Samsung kind of did it first with "QLED."

Despite the confusing naming scheme, QNED TVs offer a combination of several technologies. These are traditional LED/LCD TVs, but they also feature quantum dots and mini-LED backlights (more on that below). In addition, they incorporate LG's proprietary NanoCell tech, which the company describes as particles that absorb unwanted wavelengths of light.

While it all gets more complex the deeper you dive, the key thing to know about "QNED" is that you're getting a quantum dot version of LG's popular NanoCell TVs. If it says "QNED," it's an LG TV.

Other TV terms to know

What is QD-OLED?

A QD-OLED TV blends the color-boosting qualities of quantum dots with the many outlined benefits of OLED. Because QD-OLED displays don't rely on an additional white subpixel (as is the case with standard OLED displays), they're more adept at saturating color. In addition, all of the QD-OLED TVs we've tested to date have been among the brightest in their class.

Samsung is currently the sole manufacturer of QD-OLED TV panels, with award-winning models like the S95C and the more budget-friendly S90C.

However, Sony sources panels from Samsung and produces its own QD-OLED TV, the A95K. Thanks in part to Sony's sensational picture processing, the A95K is one of the best TVs we've ever seen—a testament to what's possible when you combine quantum dots with OLED.

What is ULED?

To recap: The "O" in "OLED" means "organic" and the "Q" in "QLED" means "quantum," while the "QN" in "QNED" means (roughly) "Quantum Nanocell." But there are also a few other important terms you may want to be aware of when arming yourself to pick your next TV.

The "U" in "ULED," however, refers to "Ultra," and as it turns out, the concept is about as slippery as it sounds. The term was coined by Hisense, and we can only assume its inception was a direct response to the rise in popularity of OLED TVs and/or QLED TVs.

Unlike OLED and QLED, which refer to tangible pieces of hardware, ULED is a proprietary term that refers to a suite of Hisense hardware and Hisense software working in tandem. According to Hisense, ULED is "20 picture patents working together to optimize backlighting, motion, and color data for the best viewing experience." Today, TVs like the Hisense U8K still carry the ULED moniker.

What about mini-LED?

The term mini-LED refers to a relatively new backlight technology that uses LED backlights that are much smaller than traditional LED backlighting. This means many more of them can be packed in on a per-inch basis than traditional LED backlights, and thus, they can be more nimble about how they illuminate an LCD display.

While the nature of mini-LEDs allows for some of the best contrast control we've seen in the LCD/LED class, not all mini-LED TVs are created equal. The Hisense U6K, our favorite TV under $500, uses mini-LEDs, but their implementation isn't nearly as impressive as the Samsung QN90D, a high-end mini-LED TV with a much higher price tag. Many more still occupy a price point somewhere in between these two models (which is a good thing for you, the shopper).

How about MicroLED?

While the names are similar, mini-LED and MicroLED are about as different as TV display technologies can be. Unlike mini-LED, which is essentially just a smaller version of traditional LED backlights, MicroLED is a new kind of emissive technology designed, at least in part, to take on OLED.

While MicroLED displays can now be purchased by consumers, they are prohibitively expensive for almost all buyers, and the technology is closer to its prototype stage. It's currently only available from Samsung and is designed to utilize multiple panels strung together to create screens that go from traditional sizes to massive, blazingly bright walls.