This is just a work in progress.
The Sudoku looks like this:
That means the colored numbers are:
Red: 2, 1, 1, 2
Yellow: 4, 1, 1, 2
Blue: 1, 3
Green: 2
The surrounding colors looks
a bit like arrows, surrounding the Sudoku.
I have yet to figure out the significance of those numbers, but I'm working on it.
The colored numbers could be placed like this (according to their relative positions):
The positions of the red and yellow numbers are the only options, while the blue and green was chosen at random. I don't know what to make of it though...
Or, as Jafe and Skynet_0 noted, more likely, it's a
Yajilin puzzle. I haven't had time to solve it yet.