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Review
. 2019 Sep 10;140(11):e563-e595.
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000677. Epub 2019 Mar 17.

2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

Donna K Arnett, Roger S Blumenthal, Michelle A Albert  1 , Andrew B Buroker  2 , Zachary D Goldberger  3 , Ellen J Hahn  1 , Cheryl Dennison Himmelfarb  1 , Amit Khera  1 , Donald Lloyd-Jones  1 , J William McEvoy  1 , Erin D Michos  1 , Michael D Miedema  1 , Daniel Muñoz  1 , Sidney C Smith Jr  1 , Salim S Virani  1 , Kim A Williams Sr  1 , Joseph Yeboah  1 , Boback Ziaeian  4
Affiliations
Review

2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

Donna K Arnett et al. Circulation. .

Erratum in

Abstract

1. The most important way to prevent atherosclerotic vascular disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation is to promote a healthy lifestyle throughout life.

2. A team-based care approach is an effective strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clinicians should evaluate the social determinants of health that affect individuals to inform treatment decisions.

3. Adults who are 40 to 75 years of age and are being evaluated for cardiovascular disease prevention should undergo 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk estimation and have a clinician–patient risk discussion before starting on pharmacological therapy, such as antihypertensive therapy, a statin, or aspirin. The presence or absence of additional risk-enhancing factors can help guide decisions about preventive interventions in select individuals, as can coronary artery calcium scanning.

4. All adults should consume a healthy diet that emphasizes the intake of vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains, lean vegetable or animal protein, and fish and minimizes the intake of trans fats, processed meats, refined carbohydrates, and sweetened beverages. For adults with overweight and obesity, counseling and caloric restriction are recommended for achieving and maintaining weight loss.

5. Adults should engage in at least 150 minutes per week of accumulated moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity physical activity.

6. For adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, lifestyle changes, such as improving dietary habits and achieving exercise recommendations are crucial. If medication is indicated, metformin is first-line therapy, followed by consideration of a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist.

7. All adults should be assessed at every healthcare visit for tobacco use, and those who use tobacco should be assisted and strongly advised to quit.

8. Aspirin should be used infrequently in the routine primary prevention of ASCVD because of lack of net benefit.

9. Statin therapy is first-line treatment for primary prevention of ASCVD in patients with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (≥190 mg/dL), those with diabetes mellitus, who are 40 to 75 years of age, and those determined to be at sufficient ASCVD risk after a clinician–patient risk discussion.

10. Nonpharmacological interventions are recommended for all adults with elevated blood pressure or hypertension. For those requiring pharmacological therapy, the target blood pressure should generally be <130/80 mm Hg.

Keywords: AHA Scientific Statements; LDL cholesterol; antihypertensive agents; aspirin; atherosclerosis; atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; atrial fibrillation; behavior modification; behavior therapy; blood cholesterol; blood pressure; body mass index; cardiovascular; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular team-based care; cholesterol; chronic kidney disease; coronary artery calcium score; coronary disease; coronary heart disease; cost; diabetes mellitus; diet; dietary fats; dietary patterns; dietary sodium; dyslipidemia; e-cigarettes; exercise; guidelines; health services accessibility; healthcare disparities; heart failure; hypertension; lifestyle; lipids; measurement; myocardial infarction; nicotine; nonpharmacological treatment; nutrition; physical activity; prejudice; primary prevention; psychosocial deprivation; public health; quality indicators; quality measurement; risk assessment; risk factors; risk reduction; risk reduction discussion; risk treatment discussion; risk-enhancing factors; secondhand smoke; sleep; smoking; smoking cessation; social determinants of health; socioeconomic factors; statin therapy; systems of care; tobacco; tobacco smoke pollution; treatment adherence; treatment outcomes; type 2 diabetes mellitus; waist circumference; weight loss.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Hours Per Day Spent in Various States of Activity
U.S. adults spend >7 h/d on average in sedentary activities. Replacing sedentary time with other physical activity involves increasing either moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity or light-intensity physical activity. Data modified from Young et al. (S3.2–12).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Treatment of T2DM for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; and T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. Primary Prevention
Colors correspond to Class of Recommendation in Table 1. ABI indicates ankle-brachial index; apoB, apolipoprotein B; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CHD, coronary heart disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and Lp(a), lipoprotein (a).

Reproduced with permission from Grundy et al. (S4.3–1). Copyright © 2018, American Heart Association, Inc., and American College of Cardiology Foundation.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. BP Thresholds and Recommendations for Treatment
Colors correspond to Class of Recommendation in Table 1. BP indicates blood pressure; and CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Adapted with permission from Whelton et al. (S4.4–1). Copyright © 2017, American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association, Inc.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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