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So when you scatter an electron of fixed beam energy off a nucleon ($M$) and into some lab angle and momentum, there are 2 kinematic variables, which are converted into the (positive) four momentum sq …

@Cosmas Zachos is entirely correct. One addition is that it is not isospin $I$ that determines quark content, it is the eigenstate on the 3rd axis with quantum number $I_3$ that signifies quark conten …

The deuteron is an isospin singlet (if it were not, one would expect $|nn\rangle$ and maybe $|pp\rangle$ to be bound states) with isospin wave function: $$ |I=0, I_3=0\rangle = \frac 1 {\sqrt 2}[|pn\r …

The most accurate "potential" is the QCD Lagrangian, for which solutions are totally intractable. There are myriad nucleon-nucleon potentials, 3-nucleon, and even 4 nucleon potentials. The latter two …

In quantum mechanics, a proton is a stationary state, like the ground state of a hydrogen atom: all protons are indistinguishable at all times, forever. The only time evolution is an unobservable pha …

Check experiments at the now renamed Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) for meson scattering. Regarding Brodsky and his constituent counting rules ($s$-scaling), see "Two Body Photodisintegrati …

As the comments say: smash. One way to do this is called deep inelastic scattering (DIS): This was originally done at SLAC with an electron beam on liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets. Since the be …

We don't observe spin 3/2 protons because the proton is, by definition, the spin 1/2 ground state of $uud$. Both $\Delta$ baryons and $N^*$ baryons have/can have higher spins.

The strong interaction is not "only attractive". A $qgq$-vertex has a color factor associated with it that depends on quark color and the gluon color/anti-color. The total color factor for a 2 vertex …

Note that the original SU(3) quark model was entirely mathematical (The Eightfold Way) and was a brilliant way to explain the observed spectra of baryons and meson. The whimsically named quarks were n …