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$\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory and disorder

I am confused about basics of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ (and likely other) gauge theories and plain disorder. Let $$H=H_F + h\,H_{EM}$$ $$H_F = -t\sum_l (c^\dagger_l \sigma^z_{l,l+1} c_{l+1} + h.c.)$$ be (the '...
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