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2$\begingroup$ The key difference is that the U(1) symmetry in a superconductor is a gauge symmetry, unlike the other symmetries you mention. When you work this out, that means that the goldstone boson is 'eaten' by the gauge field which becomes massive. See physics.stackexchange.com/q/213401 or many other questions on the Higgs mechanism. $\endgroup$– RococoCommented Aug 5, 2016 at 21:18
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