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An example of a famous and philosophically influential British Idealists prior to Russell and Moore is Francis Herbert Bradley. His treatment of logic: The Principles of Logic was published contempor …

In order to clarify Fine's definition of "number of thing", which is quite different form the "modern" set-theoretic approach, I think can be useful to refer it to the philosophical tradition of XIX c …

The book is a very old one : 2nd ed 1903; 1st ed 1890. As you can see from footnote page 131, Cantor and Dedekind are mentioned as "interesting contributions to the literature of the subject" ... Th …

I suggest you to compare the Fine's definition with the following discussion, from RL Goodstein, Recursive number theory (1957) : The question 'What is the nature of a mathematical entity?' is one …

See : Roger Scruton, Gentle Regrets : Thoughts from a Life (2005) : These autobiographical essays are the nearest Roger Scruton has ever got to writing a full autobiography.

Why do not start with some introduction : Friedrich Nietzsche Brian Leiter, The Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Nietzsche On Morality Then you can try with : Friedrich Nietzsche, The Anti-Chri …

A book with a detailed chapter [see Chapter 3] dedicated to fallacies is : Patrick Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic.

NONE. No books (if any) or fragments from Pythagoras are extant. There is a lot of secondary literature; see dedicated entries in SEP, starting with Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism with good bibliograp …

Some historical : Morris Kline, Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty, 1980 Marcus Giaquinto, The Search for Certainty : A Philosophical Account of Foundations of Mathematics, 2002. Some anthologies, …

Gérard Genette, Paratexts : Thresholds of Interpretation (1997 - original French ed.Seuils, 1987). See also : Palimpsests : Literature in the Second Degree (1997 - original French ed.1982).

You can see the four-part work of Anthony Kenny : A New History of Western Philosophy. See e.g. : Volume IV : Philosophy in the Modern World (2007).

See Theory and Observation in Science : Empirically minded philosophers assume that the evidential value of an observation or observational process depends on how sensitive it is to whatever it is us …

In a modern axiomatic approach, it follows from the definition of 2 as the successor of 1 : 2=s(1) (also written : 2=1'). See Giuseppe Peano, Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita (1889) …

A first approximation... Plato, Apology, 29b: But I do know that it is evil and disgraceful to do wrong and to disobey him who is better than I, whether he be god or man.

It seems that they are the internal references to the chapters that organize Leibniz's material.