If this is done as part of a good edit, that shouldn't stop you from approving it. However, if it's the only thing that is changed (like in the example you linked to) or the suggested edit is bad overall, then it should be rejected.
Should such edits be rejected as trivial on principle?
Yes, most definitely. It doesn't improve the post in any way.
And if so, why isn't that done automatically?
Simply, because there's no system that detects these kinds of edits; and I don't think there will ever be.
Or are there maybe some cases, devices, or renderers where it does make a difference?
No, they should render the same on all devices. One thing to note, however, is that if the suggested edit uses code-fence notation (i.e., ```
) and fixes (incorrect) syntax highlighting (and nothing else needs to be improved in the post), then it should be accepted.
To quote from the We're switching to CommonMark post:
In a nutshell: If you want to declare the language for syntax highlighting in your code block, use the code-fence notation and not indented code blocks. You can still use indented code blocks, but declaring the preferred language explicitly for them is no longer supported moving forward.
(emphasis mine)