Cellular disruption was a form of cell damage that could be described as the cell exploding from within. In a severe enough occurrence, it could cause death.
Intense delta radiation could lead to cellular disruption. In 2154, Ensign Burrows died of cellular disruption following exposure to Quinn Erickson's transporter signal. (ENT: "Daedalus")
In 2268, an image of Kalandan Commander Losira caused lethal cellular disruption to senior geologist D'Amato and engineering technician John B. Watkins, as well as injuries to Hikaru Sulu's shoulder. (TOS: "That Which Survives")
In 2367, the crew of the USS Enterprise-D experienced a quantum level oscillation delay and was in imminent danger of bio-cellular disruption had they not exited a subspace distortion. (TNG: "The Nth Degree")