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Why is the standard deviation bias correction factor called c₄?

The term to remove bias from an estimate of standard deviation for a normal distribution is referred to as $c_4$. What is the origin or reason for using that notation for the correction factor?
feetwet's user avatar
  • 101
5 votes
1 answer
115 views

What is the S notation in Student's The Probable Error of a Mean?

In William S. Gosset's The Probable Error of a Mean (JSTOR), he begins to derive the $t$ sampling distribution as follows. Samples of $n$ individuals are drawn out of a population distributed ...
Sam Gallagher's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
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What is the earliest use of the $\perp\!\!\!\!\perp$ symbol in statistics to denote statistical independence?

The symbol $\perp\!\!\!\!\perp$ in statistics is a way to denote statistical independence of a collection of random variables. I have seen two forms of it. The first is highly suitable in writing ...
Galen's user avatar
  • 309
2 votes
0 answers
143 views

Where does the abomination that is probability notation come from? [closed]

Those with experience may deny it, having suffered too long ago. But it stares you in the face with the somnolent, expressionless eyes of every student being exposed the first time. Probability ...
Mitch's user avatar
  • 201
2 votes
1 answer
164 views

Where does $M$ for expected value in Russian papers come from?

In modern papers in statistics, it is common to use the symbol $E[X]$ to refer to the expectation of a random variable $X$. While reading (a translated version of) "Convergence Rate of Nonparametric ...
cdwe's user avatar
  • 123