There is a very fine old proverb in English that goes like this:
Though you bray [that is, crush] a fool in a mortar, you may not drive his folly from him.
The image is of using a mortar and pestle to crush something to a fine powder, and the idea is that the fool's folly is inextricable from his being and so cannot be separated from him even with the greatest effort. The saying comes from Proverbs xxvii: 22 in the Old Testament. Bartlett Whiting, Proverbs, Sentences, and Proverbial Phrases from English Writings Mainly Before 1500 (1968) reports instances of this proverb in English sources from circa 900 and 1395. John Bunyan mentions it in "The Aceptable Sacrifice" (1688):
Solomon intimates, that it is a hard thing to make a fool become wise. 'Though thou shouldst bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him,' {Pr. xxvii. 22.}
The proverb also appears in or is alluded to in such works as Samuel Butler's Hudibras (1684), Tobias Smollett's The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748), and William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793). Nevertheless, it seems to be rarely used today. Bartlett Whiting, Modern Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings (1989), which reports occurrences of proverbs from about 1900 to the early 1980s, lists only one instance of the proverb from the twentieth century—in C.E. Vulliamy, The Polderoy Papers (1943):
Bray a fool in a mortar, says the proverb, and he remains a fool.
Still, it seems to be fairly close in sense to the Indian proverb you cite, and I, for one, would welcome its return to common English usage.