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  • $\begingroup$ Ahh so the issue is really about linear versus nonlinear, which makes sense. In linear systems, then you can write a transfer function and corresponding controller. I was trying to understand the details of both classical and modern/nonlinear systems and was missing that practical understanding. Thanks for your help. $\endgroup$
    – krishnab
    Commented Mar 30 at 16:14
  • $\begingroup$ Yeah, I will have to look for articles on designing classical controllers for nonlinear systems. I am not sure how efficient such a controller would be versus other types of controllers for nonlinear systems, but it is worth investigating. $\endgroup$
    – krishnab
    Commented Mar 30 at 16:19
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    $\begingroup$ There may be special choices of coordinates which hide the non linearity and allow one to derive a TF and make a PID controller. An example : rather than using angle of the pendulum as a state, some papers choose momentum or energy as the state. I don't know if such techniques exist for this system. $\endgroup$
    – AJN
    Commented Mar 30 at 16:20
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    $\begingroup$ "The oscillations of the the unstable system would grow (if designed properly) until the amplitude reaches 180 deg; i.e. up position." That wouldn't guarantee that the amplitude would reach 180 degrees, or that it would do so at a low enough velocity that the controller could "catch" the thing and keep it upright. The obverse, however, is certainly true: a controller that can erect an inverted pendulum would, when the pendulum is hanging, have a linearized model that would be unstable. $\endgroup$
    – TimWescott
    Commented Apr 1 at 3:43