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In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force...

In statistics, a location parameter of a probability distribution is a scalar- or vector-valued parameter x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} , which determines...

In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated...

A proximate cause is an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level...

Discounted cumulative gain (DCG) is a measure of ranking quality in information retrieval. It is often normalized so that it is comparable across queries...

In mathematics, the Hilbert projection theorem is a famous result of convex analysis that says that for every vector x {\displaystyle x} in a Hilbert space...