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{{short description|Piece of software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms}}
{{short description|Piece of software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms}}
{{Redirect|Reasoner}}
{{Redirect|Reasoner}}
A '''semantic reasoner''', '''reasoning engine''', '''rules engine''', or simply a '''reasoner''', is a piece of software able to infer [[logical consequence]]s from a set of asserted facts or [[axioms]]. The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of an [[inference engine]], by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. The [[inference rules]] are commonly specified by means of an [[ontology language]], and often a [[description logic]] language. Many reasoners use [[first-order predicate logic]] to perform reasoning; [[inference]] commonly proceeds by [[forward chaining]] and [[backward chaining]]. There are also examples of probabilistic reasoners, including [[non-axiomatic reasoning systems]],<ref name=Wang>{{cite web|last1=Wang|first1=Pei|title=Grounded on Experience Semantics for intelligence, Tech report 96|url=http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/pub/wang.semantics.ps|website=www.cogsci.indiana.edu|publisher=CRCC|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> and [[probabilistic logic network]]s.<ref name=Goertzel2008>{{cite book|last1=Goertzel|first1=Ben|last2=Iklé|first2=Matthew|last3=Goertzel|first3=Izabela Freire|last4=Heljakka|first4=Ari|title=Probabilistic Logic Networks: A Comprehensive Framework for Uncertain Inference|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387768724|page=42}}</ref>
A '''semantic reasoner''', '''reasoning engine''', '''rules engine''', or simply a '''reasoner''', is a piece of software able to infer [[logical consequence]]s from a set of asserted facts or [[axioms]]. The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of an [[inference engine]], by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. The [[inference rules]] are commonly specified by means of an [[ontology language]], and often a [[description logic]] language. Many reasoners use [[first-order predicate logic]] to perform reasoning; [[inference]] commonly proceeds by [[forward chaining]] and [[backward chaining]]. There are also examples of probabilistic reasoners, including [[non-axiomatic reasoning systems]],<ref name=Wang>{{cite web|last1=Wang|first1=Pei|title=Grounded on Experience Semantics for intelligence, Tech report 96|url=http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/pub/wang.semantics.ps|website=www.cogsci.indiana.edu|publisher=CRCC|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> and [[probabilistic logic network]]s.<ref name=Goertzel2008>{{cite book|last1=Goertzel|first1=Ben|last2=Iklé|first2=Matthew|last3=Goertzel|first3=Izabela Freire|last4=Heljakka|first4=Ari|title=Probabilistic Logic Networks: A Comprehensive Framework for Uncertain Inference|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=|page=42}}</ref>


==Notable applications==
==Notable applications==
<!--Entries should have a sourced Wikipedia article or some significant independent sources. Wikipedia is not a Github directory.-->
<!--Entries should have a sourced Wikipedia article or some significant independent sources. Wikipedia is not a Github directory.-->
Notable semantic reasoners and related software:
Notable semantic reasoners and related software:


===Free to use (closed source)===
===Free to use (closed source)===
* [[Cyc]] inference engine, a forward and backward chaining inference engine with numerous specialized modules for high-order logic.
* [[Cyc]] inference engine, a forward and backward chaining inference engine with numerous specialized modules for high-order logic.
* [[KAON2]] is an infrastructure for managing [[OWL-DL]], [[Semantic Web Rule Language|SWRL]], and [[F-Logic]] ontologies.
* [[KAON2]] is an infrastructure for managing [[OWL-DL]], [[Semantic Web Rule Language|SWRL]], and [[F-Logic]] ontologies.


===Free software (open source)===
===Free software (open source)===
* [[Cwm (software)|Cwm]], a forward-chaining reasoner used for querying, checking, transforming and filtering information. Its core language is RDF, extended to include rules, and it uses RDF/XML or N3 serializations as required.
* [[Cwm (software)|Cwm]], a forward-chaining reasoner used for querying, checking, transforming and filtering information. Its core language is RDF, extended to include rules, and it uses RDF/XML or N3 serializations as required.
* [[Drools]], a forward-chaining inference-based rules engine which uses an enhanced implementation of the [[Rete algorithm]].
* [[Drools]], a forward-chaining inference-based rules engine which uses an enhanced implementation of the [[Rete algorithm]].
* [https://www.evrete.org Evrete], a forward-chaining Java rule engine that uses the [[Rete algorithm]] and is compliant with the Java Rule Engine API (JSR 94).
* [https://www.evrete.org Evrete], a forward-chaining Java rule engine that uses the [[Rete algorithm]] and is compliant with the Java Rule Engine API (JSR 94).
* [[D3web]], a platform for [[knowledge-based systems]] ([[expert systems]]).
* [[D3web]], a platform for [[knowledge-based systems]] ([[expert systems]]).
* [[Flora-2]], an object-oriented, rule-based knowledge-representation and reasoning system.
* [[Flora-2]], an object-oriented, rule-based knowledge-representation and reasoning system.
* [[Jena (framework)|Jena]], an open-source semantic-web framework for Java which includes a number of different semantic-reasoning modules.
* [[Jena (framework)|Jena]], an open-source semantic-web framework for Java which includes a number of different semantic-reasoning modules.
* [https://github.com/mdesalvo/OWLSharp OWLSharp], a lightweight and friendly .NET library for realizing intelligent Semantic Web applications.
* [https://github.com/mdesalvo/OWLSharp OWLSharp], a lightweight and friendly .NET library for realizing intelligent Semantic Web applications.
* [https://github.com/NRules/NRules NRules] a forward-chaining inference-based rules engine implemented in [[C_Sharp_(programming_language)|C#]] which uses an enhanced implementation of the [[Rete algorithm]]
* [https://github.com/NRules/NRules NRules] a forward-chaining inference-based rules engine implemented in [[()|C#]] which uses an enhanced implementation of the [[Rete algorithm]]
* [[Prova]], a semantic-web rule engine which supports data integration via SPARQL queries and type systems (RDFS, OWL ontologies as type system).
* [[Prova]], a semantic-web rule engine which supports data integration via SPARQL queries and type systems (RDFS, OWL ontologies as type system).
* [https://github.com/kodymoodley/defeasibleinferenceplatform DIP], Defeasible-Inference Platform (DIP) is an [[Web Ontology Language]] reasoner and [[Protégé (software)|Protégé]] desktop plugin for representing and reasoning with defeasible subsumption.<ref>Britz, K. and Varzinczak, I., (2018). Rationality and context in defeasible subsumption. In International Symposium on Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems (pp. 114-132). Springer, Cham.</ref> It implements a [[Preferential entailment]] style of reasoning that reduces to "classical entailment" i.e., without the need to modify the underlying decision procedure.
* [https://github.com/kodymoodley/defeasibleinferenceplatform DIP], Defeasible-Inference Platform (DIP) is an [[Web Ontology Language]] reasoner and [[Protégé (software)|Protégé]] desktop plugin for representing and reasoning with defeasible subsumption.<ref>Britz, K. and Varzinczak, I., (2018). Rationality and context in defeasible subsumption. In International Symposium on Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems (pp. 114-132). Springer, Cham.</ref> It implements a [[Preferential entailment]] style of reasoning that reduces to "classical entailment" i.e., without the need to modify the underlying decision procedure.
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* [[Apache Marmotta]] includes a rule-based reasoner in its KiWi [[triple store]].
* [[Apache Marmotta]] includes a rule-based reasoner in its KiWi [[triple store]].


⚫
===Semantic Reasoner for Internet of Things (open-source) ===

⚫
[http://linkedopenreasoning.appspot.com/?p=slorv2 S-LOR (Sensor-based Linked Open Rules) semantic reasoner]
⚫
===Semantic Reasoner for Internet of Things (open-source) ===
⚫
S-LOR is under GNU GPLv3 license.
⚫
[http://linkedopenreasoning.appspot.com/?p=slorv2 S-LOR (Sensor-based Linked Open Rules) semantic reasoner]
⚫
S-LOR is under GNU GPLv3 license.  


S-LOR (Sensor-based Linked Open Rules) is a rule-based reasoning engine and an approach for sharing and reusing interoperable rules to deduce meaningful knowledge from sensor measurements.
S-LOR (Sensor-based Linked Open Rules) is a rule-based reasoning engine and an approach for sharing and reusing interoperable rules to deduce meaningful knowledge from sensor measurements.


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Software}}
{{portal|Software}}
* [[Business rules engine]]
* [[Business rules engine]]
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* [[Solver]]
* [[Solver]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/OWL/Implementations OWL 2 Reasoners listed on W3C SW Working Group homepage]
* [https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/OWL/Implementations OWL 2 Reasoners listed on W3C SW Working Group homepage]
* [http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ SPARQL Query Language for RDF]
* [http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ SPARQL Query Language for RDF]
* Marko Luther, Thorsten Liebig, Sebastian Böhm, Olaf Noppens: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02121-3_9 Who the Heck Is the Father of Bob?]. ESWC 2009: 66-80
* Marko Luther, Thorsten Liebig, Sebastian Böhm, Olaf Noppens: [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02121-3_9 Who the Heck Is the Father of Bob?]. ESWC 2009: 66-80
* Jurgen Bock, Peter Haase, Qiu Ji, Raphael Volz. [http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/pha/publications/owlbenchmark_07_2007.pdf Benchmarking OWL Reasoners]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-350/paper1.pdf Mirror available]. In ARea2008 - Workshop on Advancing Reasoning on the Web: Scalability and Commonsense (June 2008)
* Jurgen Bock, Peter Haase, Qiu Ji, Raphael Volz. [http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/pha/publications/owlbenchmark_07_2007.pdf Benchmarking OWL Reasoners]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-350/paper1.pdf Mirror available]. In ARea2008 Workshop on Advancing Reasoning on the Web: Scalability and Commonsense (June 2008)
* Tom Gardiner, Ian Horrocks, Dmitry Tsarkov. [http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-189/submission_23.pdf Automated Benchmarking of Description Logic Reasoners]. Description Logics Workshop 2006
* Tom Gardiner, Ian Horrocks, Dmitry Tsarkov. [http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-189/submission_23.pdf Automated Benchmarking of Description Logic Reasoners]. Description Logics Workshop 2006


{{Semantic Web}}
{{Semantic Web}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Semantic Reasoner}}
[[Category:Rule engines| ]]
[[Category:Rule engines| ]]
[[Category:Knowledge representation]]
[[Category:Knowledge representation]]

Latest revision as of 11:45, 12 June 2024

"Reasoner" redirects here. For other uses, see Reasoner (disambiguation).

A semantic reasoner, reasoning engine, rules engine, or simply a reasoner, is a piece of software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms. The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of an inference engine, by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. The inference rules are commonly specified by means of an ontology language, and often a description logic language. Many reasoners use first-order predicate logic to perform reasoning; inference commonly proceeds by forward chaining and backward chaining. There are also examples of probabilistic reasoners, including non-axiomatic reasoning systems,[1] and probabilistic logic networks.[2]

Notable applications[edit]

Notable semantic reasoners and related software:

Free to use (closed source)[edit]

  • Cyc inference engine, a forward and backward chaining inference engine with numerous specialized modules for high-order logic.
  • KAON2 is an infrastructure for managing OWL-DL, SWRL, and F-Logic ontologies.

Free software (open source)[edit]

  • Cwm, a forward-chaining reasoner used for querying, checking, transforming and filtering information. Its core language is RDF, extended to include rules, and it uses RDF/XML or N3 serializations as required.
  • Drools, a forward-chaining inference-based rules engine which uses an enhanced implementation of the Rete algorithm.
  • Evrete, a forward-chaining Java rule engine that uses the Rete algorithm and is compliant with the Java Rule Engine API (JSR 94).
  • D3web, a platform for knowledge-based systems (expert systems).
  • Flora-2, an object-oriented, rule-based knowledge-representation and reasoning system.
  • Jena, an open-source semantic-web framework for Java which includes a number of different semantic-reasoning modules.
  • OWLSharp, a lightweight and friendly .NET library for realizing intelligent Semantic Web applications.
  • NRules a forward-chaining inference-based rules engine implemented in C# which uses an enhanced implementation of the Rete algorithm
  • Prova, a semantic-web rule engine which supports data integration via SPARQL queries and type systems (RDFS, OWL ontologies as type system).
  • DIP, Defeasible-Inference Platform (DIP) is an Web Ontology Language reasoner and Protégé desktop plugin for representing and reasoning with defeasible subsumption.[3] It implements a Preferential entailment style of reasoning that reduces to "classical entailment" i.e., without the need to modify the underlying decision procedure.

Applications that contain reasoners[edit]

Semantic Reasoner for Internet of Things (open-source)[edit]

S-LOR (Sensor-based Linked Open Rules) semantic reasoner S-LOR is under GNU GPLv3 license.

S-LOR (Sensor-based Linked Open Rules) is a rule-based reasoning engine and an approach for sharing and reusing interoperable rules to deduce meaningful knowledge from sensor measurements.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Wang, Pei. "Grounded on Experience Semantics for intelligence, Tech report 96". www.cogsci.indiana.edu. CRCC. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  2. ^ Goertzel, Ben; Iklé, Matthew; Goertzel, Izabela Freire; Heljakka, Ari (2008). Probabilistic Logic Networks: A Comprehensive Framework for Uncertain Inference. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-387-76872-4.
  3. ^ Britz, K. and Varzinczak, I., (2018). Rationality and context in defeasible subsumption. In International Symposium on Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems (pp. 114-132). Springer, Cham.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_reasoner&oldid=1228649504"