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==== Routers ====
==== Routers ====
On August 30, 2017, Asus announced the first 802.11ax router.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.asus.com/release.php?id=114#.WayQB8gjGUk|title=ASUS Press Room|website=press.asus.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref> The RT-AX88U uses Broadcom silicon, has 4×4 MIMO in both bands and achieves a maximum of 1148&nbsp;Mb/s on 2.4&nbsp;GHz and 4804&nbsp;Mb/s on 5&nbsp;GHz.
On August 30, 2017, Asus announced the first 802.11ax router.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.asus.com/release.php?id=114#.WayQB8gjGUk|title=ASUS Press Room|website=press.asus.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref> The RT-AX88U uses Broadcom silicon, has 4×4 MIMO in both bands and achieves a maximum of 1148&nbsp;Mb/s on 2.4&nbsp;GHz and 4804&nbsp;Mb/s on 5&nbsp;GHz.

==== Access points ====
On September 12, 2017, Huawei announced their first 802.11ax access point. The AP7060DN uses 8x8 MIMO and is based on Qualcomm hardware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e.huawei.com/topic/X-GenWIFI-en/index.html|title=X-Gen Wi-Fi|website=e.huawei.com|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2017/9/Huawei-X-Gen-Wi-Fi-Agile-Campus|title=Huawei Launches X-Gen Wi-Fi to Redefine the Agile Campus Network Era|website=huawei|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 09:04, 27 September 2017

IEEE 802.11ax is a type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set of types of WLANs. It is designed to improve overall spectral efficiency, especially in dense deployment scenarios. It is still in a very early stage of development, but is predicted to have a top speed of around 10 Gb/s.[1] IEEE 802.11ax is designed to operate in the already existing 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrums. In addition to utilizing MIMO and MU-MIMO, the new amendment introduces OFDMA to improve overall spectral efficiency, and higher order 1024 QAM modulation support for increased throughput. Though the nominal data rate is just 37 % higher than IEEE 802.11ac, the new amendment is expected to achieve a 4 × increase to user throughput—due to more efficient spectrum utilization.

IEEE 802.11ax is due to be publicly released sometime in 2019.[2]

Rate Set

Modulation and coding schemes for single spatial stream
MCS
index[a] 		Modulation
type 		Coding
rate 		Data rate (in Mb/s)[b]
20 MHz channels 40 MHz channels 80 MHz channels 160 MHz channels
1600 ns GI[c] 800 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI
0 BPSK 1/2 4 4 8 9 17 18 34 36
1 QPSK 1/2 16 17 33 34 68 72 136 144
2 QPSK 3/4 24 26 49 52 102 108 204 216
3 16-QAM 1/2 33 34 65 69 136 144 272 282
4 16-QAM 3/4 49 52 98 103 204 216 408 432
5 64-QAM 2/3 65 69 130 138 272 288 544 576
6 64-QAM 3/4 73 77 146 155 306 324 613 649
7 64-QAM 5/6 81 86 163 172 340 360 681 721
8 256-QAM 3/4 98 103 195 207 408 432 817 865
9 256-QAM 5/6 108 115 217 229 453 480 907 961
10 1024-QAM 3/4 122 129 244 258 510 540 1021 1081
11 1024-QAM 5/6 135 143 271 287 567 600 1134 1201

Notes

  1. ^ MCS 9 is not applicable to all channel width/spatial stream combinations.
  2. ^ A second stream doubles the theoretical data rate, a third one triples it, etc.
  3. ^ GI stands for the guard interval.

Technical improvements

The 802.11ax amendment will bring several key improvements over 802.11ac. 802.11ax addresses frequency bands between 1 GHz and 6 GHz.[3] Therefore, unlike 802.11ac, 802.11ax will also operate in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. To meet the goal of supporting dense 802.11 deployments the following features have been approved.

Feature 802.11ac 802.11ax Comment
OFDMA not available Centrally controlled medium access with dynamic assignment of 26, 52, 106, 242, 484, or 996 tones per station. Each tone consist of a single subcarrier of 78.125 kHz bandwidth. Therefore, bandwidth occupied by a single OFDMA transmission is between 2.03125 MHz and ca 80 MHz bandwidth. OFDMA segregates the spectrum in time-frequency resource units (RUs). A central coordinating entity (the AP in 802.11ax) assigns RUs for reception or transmission to associated stations. Through the central scheduling of the RUs contention overhead can be avoided, which increases efficiency in scenarios of dense deployments.
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) available in Downlink direction Available in Downlink and Uplink direction With Downlink MU MIMO a device may transmit concurrently to multiple receivers and with Uplink MU MIMO a device may simultaneously receive from multiple transmitters. Whereas OFDMA separates receivers to different RUs, with MU MIMO the devices are separated to different spatial streams. In 802.11ax, MU MIMO and OFDMA technologies can be used simultaneously. To enable uplink MU transmissions, the AP transmits a new control frame (Trigger) which contains scheduling information (RUs allocations for stations, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that shall be used for each station). Furthermore, Trigger also provides synchronization for an uplink transmission, since the transmission starts SIFS after the end of Trigger.
Trigger-based Random Access not available Allows performing UL OFDMA transmissions by stations which are not allocated RUs directly. In Trigger frame, the AP specifies scheduling information about subsequent UL MU transmission. However, several RUs can be assigned for random access. Stations which are not assigned RUs directly can perform transmissions within RUs assigned for random access. To reduce collision probability (i.e. situation when two or more stations select the same RU for transmission), the 802.11ax amendment specifies special OFDMA back-off procedure. Random access is favorable for transmitting buffer status reports when the AP has no information about pending UL traffic at a station.
Spatial fre-
quency reuse 		not available Coloring enables devices to differentiate transmissions in their own network from transmissions in neighboring networks.

Adaptive Power and Sensitivity Thresholds allows dynamically adjusting transmit power and signal detection threshold to increase spatial reuse.

Without spatial reuse capabilities devices refuse transmitting concurrently to transmissions ongoing in other, neighboring networks. With coloring, a wireless transmission is marked at its very beginning helping surrounding devices to decide if a simultaneous use of the wireless medium is permissible or not. A station is allowed to consider the wireless medium as idle and start a new transmission even if the detected signal level from a neighboring network exceeds legacy signal detection threshold, provided that the transmit power for the new transmission is appropriately decreased.
NAV Single NAV Two NAVs In dense deployment scenarios, NAV value set by a frame originated from one network may be easily reset by a frame originated from another network, which leads to misbehavior and collisions. To avoid this, each 802.11ax station will maintain two separate NAVs — one NAV is modified by frames originated from a network the station is associated with, the other NAV is modified by frames originated from overlapped networks.
Target Wake Time (TWT) not available TWT reduces power consumption and medium access contention. TWT is a concept developed in 802.11ah. It allows devices to wake up at other periods than the beacon transmission period. Furthermore, the AP may group device to different TWT period thereby reducing the number of devices contending simultaneously for the wireless medium.
Frag-
ment-
ation 		Static fragmen-
tation 		Dynamic fragmentation With static fragmentation all fragments of a data packet are of equal size except for the last fragment. With dynamic fragmentation a device may fill available RUs of other opportunities to transmit up to the available maximum duration. Thus, dynamic fragmentation helps to reducing overhead.
Guard interval duration 0.4 µs or 0.8 µs 0.8 µs, 1.6 µs or 3.2 µs Extended guard interval durations allow for better protection against signal delay spread as it occurs in outdoor environments.
Symbol duration 3.2 µs 3.2 µs, 6.4 µs, or 12.8 µs Extended symbol durations allow for increased efficiency.[4]

Timeline

Study Group High Efficiency WLAN

In 2012 and 2013, IEEE 802.11 received various submissions in its Standing Committee (SC) Wireless Next Generation (WNG) looking at issues of IEEE 802.11ac and potential solutions for future WLANs.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Immediately after the publication of IEEE 802.11ac in March 2013, the IEEE 802.11 Working Group (WG) established Study Group (SG) High Efficiency WLAN (HEW).[12][13]

SG HEW received a high number of technical contributions discussing various technologies such as Full Duplex Radios,[14] OFDMA, Uplink MU-MIMO, and other enhancements. Other submissions debated potential use cases and requirements. SG HEW also developed the Project Authorization Request[3] (PAR) and Criteria for Standards Development[15] (CSD) documents that set the scope and are needed to approve a new Task Group (TG). SG HEW held it last meeting in March 2014. Afterwards, SG HEW was replaced by 802.11 TGax.[16]

Task Group 802.11ax

During its first meeting TGax elected Osama Aboul-Magd as chairman and Yasuhiko Inoue as secretary. In September 2014, the two vice-chairmen Simone Merlin and Ron Porat were elected. Because of the comprehensive set of requirements and technical solutions foreseen, in November 2014 TGax decided to create four (sub) ad hoc groups. In January 2015, TGax elected Eric Wong, Reza Hedayat, and Brian Hart as chairmen of a MAC ad hoc group, Bo Sun, Jianhan Liu, and Yakun Sun as chairmen of a PHY ad hoc group, Sigurd Schelstraete, Kiseon Ryu, and Kaushik Josiam as chairmen of a Multi-user ad hoc group, and Laurent Cariou, Guido Hiertz, and Jae Seung Lee as chairmen of a Spatial Reuse ad hoc group. Continuing the work of SG HEW, TGax developed documents describing simulation scenarios,[17] according channel models,[18] and related evaluation methodologies.[19] TGax furthermore decided to implement a development process previously applied in 802.11ac. The process foresaw creation a specification framework document[20] (SFD) that collects requirements and desired features of the 802.11ax amendment. Various submissions contributed to the SFD. According to the TGax selection procedures[21] a feature or mechanism was added to the SFD once it was approved by a 75% majority. Beginning of 2016 SFD development ended and on 2 March 2016 a draft specification[22] was uploaded. This submission specification forms the basis of the first of 802.11ax draft amendment.

Illegal actions of DensiFi SIG

On 16 June 2016 IEEE 802.11 voting member and TGax attendee Graham Smith filed a complaint with the IEEE 802.11 WG chairman[23] Adrian Stephens about alleged dominance in TGax.[24][25] In his e-mail to the chairman, G. Smith complaints about his technical contributions being excluded from the 802.11ax draft amendment because of various entities engaging their employees in illegal agreements. Because of the complaint, the 802.11 WG chairman formed an investigation team.[26] Since the WG chairman declares himself conflicted[26] he appointed the 802.11 WG 2nd Vice Chair[23] Dorothy Stanley as Investigating Officer (IO).[27] For interviewing TGax members and the creation of a report the IO has been furthermore supported Roger Marks and Mike Montenmurro.[27] Over a period of two months, the IO and her team conducted interviews, reviewed documents, and collected evidence regarding the complaint. On 9 November 2016, the IO published her report.[28] The report reveals that the secret Special Interest Group (SIG) called DensiFi applied illegal tricks over a period of at least two years. The report revealed that this cartel had Intel, LGE, Broadcom, Marvell, MediaTek, Qualcomm, Huawei, Orange, NTT, NTT DoCoMo, Samsung, ZTE, Apple, Cisco, Sony, Toshiba, Newracom, and Quantenna as member companies. According to the report[28] the "investigating team conclude that dominance has occurred through the mechanism of ‘superior leverage, strength or representation’ with the effect of excluding viewpoints of non-SIG participants from ‘fair and equitable consideration’ within the 802.11ax Task Group."

Although Broadcom’s legal department proposed the IEEE 802 Executive Committee (EC) rejecting "the investigating team’s findings"[29] the EC welcomed the report and approved actions[30] against DensiFi without any dissenting vote.[31] The actions foresaw to reduce "the vote of all individuals affiliated with DensiFi SIG members as a single vote in WG and TG motions and letter ballots related to 802.11ax until such time […] the SIG is no longer active."[32]

In his submission[33] and a related email[34] the 802.11 WG chairman explained his interpretation of the actions against DensiFi. The chairman announced that he would re-instantiate voting rights of each voting member affiliated with a company participating in DensiFi once such company declared independence from the cartel. In his email[35] to the chairman the appellant G. Smith predicted that according to the interpretation former DensiFi "members will effectively face zero consequences as a result of their 3 years(?) of activity […] against the rules and interests of 802.11. It is quite obvious that […] we will see all the DensiFy [sic] companies send in their letters so that by the next meeting it will be business as usual." Beginning 2016-11-30 former DensiFi member companies started declaring their independence from the SIG.[36] On 15 December 2016 the two last companies declared independence. In their statements, Cisco, Samsung, and Marvel equally explain that "all operations of DensiFi SIG ended on 2016-12-03 at 01:00 UTC." At its January 2017 meeting the 802.11 WG chairman reported therefore, "no 802.11 members remain subject to special measures."[37] In his report[37] the chairman also informed that an appeal[38] was filed against the IEEE-SA Standards Board’s declaration that it "ratified the actions taken 11 November 2016 by the IEEE 802 LMSC Sponsor in connection with the 802 TGax complaint."[39] The appellants complain that "the remedies adopted ‘prove[d] to be insufficient’ as implemented and thus do not constitute or provide for any meaningful ‘corrective action’".

Because of the DensiFi scandal, inappropriate behavior[40] in 802.11ai and prior cases of dominance the IEEE 802 EC created new instructions[41] highlighting that attendees "have an obligation to act and vote as an individual and not under the direction of any other individual or group. Your obligation to act and vote as an individual applies in all cases, regardless of any external commitments, agreements, contracts, or orders. […] By participating in IEEE 802 meetings, you accept these requirements. If you do not agree to these policies then you shall not participate."

Letter ballot on draft 1.0 of 802.11ax

Between 1 December 2016 and 8 January 2017 the IEEE 802.11 WG held a letter ballot on the first draft of 802.11ax.[42] This ballot failed with only 58% approval.[43] In response to the ballot, TGax received 7,418 comments.[44] Because of the large number of comments to be addressed, the TGax Chairman[23] Osama Aboul-Magd assumed that the approval of draft 2.0 of 802.11ax will be delayed to September 2017.[45] Consequently, publication of the 802.11ax amendment is expected to delay until 2019.

In response to the TGax Chairman’s call for verification of the 802.11ax PAR several simulation results were presented. In 2016, various simulation results indicated that the goal of four times performance improvement defined in the PAR might not be achievable.[46][47][48] As it became evident that the 802.11ax draft amendment might not meet the intended performance improvements, TGax decided to modify the simulation scenario assumptions for generating more favorable results.[49] Further simulation studies are expected.

Products

Silicon

As of August 2017, there are three major vendors who have put out silicon supporting 802.11ax. These are Quantenna with the QSR5G-AX and QSR10G-AX chipsets, Qualcomm with the QCA6290 chipset and IPQ8074 SoC and Broadcom with the BCM43684, BCM43694 and BCM4375 chips.

On October 17, 2016 Quantenna announced the first 802.11ax silicon, the QSR10G-AX. The chipset is compliant with Draft 1.0 and support eight 5 GHz streams and four 2.4 GHz streams. In January 2017 Quantanna added the QSR5G-AX to their portfolio with support for four streams in both bands.[50] Both products are aimed at routers and access points.

Qualcomm announced their first 802.11ax silicon on February 13, 2017.[51][52] The IPQ8074 is a complete SoC with four Cortex-A53 cores. There is support for eight 5 GHz streams and four 2.4 GHz streams. The QCA6290 chipset which supports two streams in both bands and aims at mobile devices.

Broadcom announced their 6th Generation of Wi-Fi products with 802.11ax support on August 15, 2017.[53] The BCM43684 and BCM43694 are 4×4 MIMO chips with full 802.11ax support, while the BCM4375 provides 2×2 MIMO 802.11ax along with Bluetooth 5.0.

Devices

Routers

On August 30, 2017, Asus announced the first 802.11ax router.[54] The RT-AX88U uses Broadcom silicon, has 4×4 MIMO in both bands and achieves a maximum of 1148 Mb/s on 2.4 GHz and 4804 Mb/s on 5 GHz.

Access points

On September 12, 2017, Huawei announced their first 802.11ax access point. The AP7060DN uses 8x8 MIMO and is based on Qualcomm hardware.[55][56]

References

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Further reading

  1. Evgeny Khorov, Anton Kiryanov, Andrey Lyakhov. ''IEEE 802.11ax: How to Build High Efficiency WLANs.'' IEEE International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication (EnT), 2015.
  2. "Are you ready for the next chapter of Wi-Fi? Meet 802.11ax"
  3. Bellalta, Boris (2015). "IEEE 802.11ax: High-Efficiency WLANs,". IEEE Wireless Communications. 23: 38–46. arXiv:1501.01496v4. doi:10.1109/MWC.2016.7422404. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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