I know this is a bowl of soup
so, the soup has liquid, vegetables and meat.
If I have to say each component of the soup seperately.
Can I say the liquid "water"? and say the vegetables "bits"?
For example, "I just want to eat the bits, I don't want the water" or "this water is yummy but the bits are tasteless"
The liquid is broth.
There's not as much of a standard name for the bits; I think it might be solids, but in a conversation you're just as likely to hear "the uh, y'know, the floaty bits, not the broth." The best option is often to just say what's in the soup.
I would say that the liquid part is the soup (as commented by Spratty on the other answer). This is made very unclear by the fact that the whole dish is also called soup. I might say liquid if I wanted to be less ambiguous. Broth, as suggested by the-baby-is-you, will always be understood clearly but not be considered correct in all circumstances (as the discussion under his answer shows).
Bits is a perfectly good word to use for the vegetables etc. It's very informal, though, and doesn't sound very flattering, e.g. "the soup was okay, but the bits were overcooked and mushy". If you wanted to compliment them specifically it would sound much better to name them, e.g. "I thought the vegetables were very good".
For the sake of precision, one could call soup without the vegetable pieces (previously discarded) vegetable consommé or beef, chicken consommé if the stock was made with meat.
The simpler dish, clear soup –Klare Suppe in German–is sometimes mistakenly called consommé which uses egg whites to clarify the soup. Instead, clear soup is strained through a fine sieve or a muslin cloth to filter impurities and make it completely clear.
