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Squeeze one little blob over the backside of the LED while it's in the tube, let it cool, and you should find it stays in there nicely. …

The shelf lights the LED. This could scale to multiple rooms by adding another layer to group the rooms together. … As an afterthought, you could have a button next to each LED which the operator presses when he has picked the item, thus turning off the LED and informing the stock management system that the item has …

It uses the resistor connected between \$V_{cc}\$ and \$I_{set}\$ to set the current delivered to each LED. It also multiplexes the 8 digits, so only 1 digit is "alive" at any one time. …

When the LED burns out the last current reading you took will be the absolute maximum current for the LED. … Do not, I repeat do not run the LED at that current, as you are right on the cusp of burning it out. Get a second LED and replace the blown one. …

Assuming 20mA and 3V forward voltage, you will need a resistor, of: $$ V_{LED}=9V - 6V = 3V $$ $$ R_{LED}=\frac{V_{LED}}{I_{LED}} = \frac{3}{0.02} = 150\Omega $$ simulate this circuit – Schematic … Each LED must have its own resistor in this case: simulate this circuit The resistor of 75Ω is worked out in the same way: $$ V_{LED}=4.5V - 3V = 1.5V $$ $$ R_{LED}=\frac{V_{LED}}{I_{LED}} = \ …

Instead you have multiple series of 2* LEDs plus resistors in parallel: If one LED goes open circuit then the other LED in the same line will go out. … If one LED goes short-circuit then the other LED will light up brighter, and will die sooner - if not almost immediately depending on voltages and tolerances etc. …

With an LED it's the amount of current flowing through it that determines how bright it is. … desired LED forward current. …

The outputs of those are constant current sinks with PWM switching. That is, you get either a constant current connection to ground, or no connection at all. By connecting a resistor in place of the …

Both are LED drivers and control up to 16 LEDs each. …

Count-down loops are more traditionally done with pre-decrement: for(i=8; i>0; --i) { ... } Would count from 7 to 0. The --i decreases i by 1 as the very first thing that gets done after the com …

That limits what the LED can get Draw too much current from the IO pin and it overheats and burns out Allow too much current through the LED and it overheats and burns out The ATMega chips usually have … would be well within the specifications of the LED. …

Assuming an LED or string of LEDs with no current limiting built in: The simplest way is to connect a constant current supply which is set to 700mA and can provide at least 14V, preferably more. … Then measure the voltage across the LED. That will be the forward voltage. …

We'll do the maths so you never need trust a random website again: $$ V_{DROP} = V_{IN}-V_{LED} = 12 - 2 = 10V $$ $$ R=\frac{V_{DROP}}{I_{LED}} = \frac{10}{0.03} = 333. … You have blown the LED. Accidentally putting 12V through the LED will pretty much instantly kill it. …

No matter how big the heatsink is, given time the heat will build up to a level where the LED will fail (or the lamp will melt). …

When Q is high the potential difference between Vcc and Q its small, so the LED is off. When Q is low, the potential difference between Vcc and Q is higher, so the LED switches on. …