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Estimated rates of mental disorders in, and situational characteristics of, incidents of nonfatal use of force by police

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Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To examine the estimated rates of mental disorders and associated situational characteristics in people involved in nonfatal use of force incidents with police in VIC, Australia.

Methods

A random sample of 4,267 cases between 1995 and 2008 from a dedicated police Use of Force Register were linked with the state-wide public mental health database and a police contacts database. Rates of ICD 9 and ICD 10 mental disorders recorded on the public mental health database were examined, as well as rates of criminal offending and the characteristics of force used by both parties.

Results

More than a third of people on whom the police resorted to using force (n = 1,621, 38 %) had a history of mental disorder. Significant overrepresentations of the estimated prevalence of psychosis [12.5 %, OR = 9.03, 95 % CI (7.41, 11.01), p < 0.001] and schizophrenia [9.1 %, OR = 9.73, 95 % CI (7.59, 12.47) p < 0.001] were found. Those diagnosed with mental disorders were 1.52 times more likely to use or threaten to use weapons on police, even after taking into account age, sex, substances intoxication and violent behaviour [95 % CI (1.23, 1.91), p < 0.001]; however, they were no more likely to injure or be injured by police than those without a recorded history of mental disorder. There was a noted trend for police to use, or threaten to use, weapons on people with a history of psychosis (other than schizophrenia) [OR = 1.40, 95 % CI (1.11, 1.78), p = 0.005].

Conclusions

Psychoses and schizophrenia are dramatically overrepresented in cases where police resort to using force. Situational characteristics evident in the encounters are suggestive of a sub-group of people with mental disorders presenting with aggressive and otherwise problematic behaviours coupled with histories of criminal offending; this presents significant ongoing challenges for the police.

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Acknowledgments

The authors have no competing interests. This research was supported by an Australian Research Council Grant (LP0774829), a collaboration between Monash University, Victoria Police and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health. We would like to thank the Victoria Police and Mental Health Branch of the Department of Health for their assistance with data collection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, VIC, 3068, Australia

    Dragana Kesic, Stuart D. M. Thomas & James R. P. Ogloff

  2. Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Fairfield, VIC, Australia

    Stuart D. M. Thomas & James R. P. Ogloff

Authors
  1. Dragana Kesic
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  2. Stuart D. M. Thomas
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  3. James R. P. Ogloff
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Correspondence to Dragana Kesic.

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Kesic, D., Thomas, S.D.M. & Ogloff, J.R.P. Estimated rates of mental disorders in, and situational characteristics of, incidents of nonfatal use of force by police. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48, 225–232 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0543-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0543-4

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