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Inspired by this question, I used De Bruijn Sequence to brute force the possible matrices. And after bruteforcing for n=6,7,8,9,10, I found a pattern that the highest solution is always in the shape of (n, 2n-3).

Inspired by this question, I used De Bruijn Sequence to brute force the possible matrices. And after bruteforcing for n=6,7,8,9,10, I found a pattern that the highest solution is always in the shape of (n, 2n-3).

Python 2 - 2-(3/n) for any n

Python 2 - 21/12

In the process of proving that a 2-(3/n) always exists for any n

Python 2 - 17/10 = 1.7

Inspired by this question, I used De Bruijn Sequence to brute force the possible matrices. And for n=10, it found a solution with score 17/10.

A solution with the shape as described by OP:

It also found another suboptimal solution at n=9:

(418, 432)
[[0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1]
 [0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0]
 [1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0]
 [1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1]
 [1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]
 [1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1]
 [1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1]
 [0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1]
 [1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0]]
(9, 14)
Score: 1.5556

import numpy as np
from itertools import combinations

def de_bruijn(k, n):
    """
    De Bruijn sequence for alphabet k
    and subsequences of length n.
    """
    alphabet = list(range(k))
    a = [0] * k * n
    sequence = []
    def db(t, p):
        if t > n:
            if n % p == 0:
                for j in range(1, p + 1):
                    sequence.append(a[j])
        else:
            a[t] = a[t - p]
            db(t + 1, p)
            for j in range(a[t - p] + 1, k):
                a[t] = j
                db(t + 1, t)
    db(1, 1)
    return sequence

def generate_cyclic_matrix(seq, n):
    result = []
    for i in range(n):
        result.append(seq[i:]+seq[:i])
    return np.array(result)

def generate_cyclic_matrix_without_property_x(n=3):
    seq = de_bruijn(2,n)
    max_score = 0
    max_matrix = []
    max_ij = (0,0)
    for i in range(2**(n-1), 2**n+1):
        for j in range(i+n, 2**n+1):
            score = float(j-i)/n
            if score < max_score:
                continue
            result = generate_cyclic_matrix(seq[i:j], n)
            if has_property_x(result):
                continue
            else:
                if score >= max_score:
                    max_score = score
                    max_matrix = result
                    max_ij = (i,j)
    return (max_matrix, max_ij)

def has_property_x(mat):
    vecs = zip(*mat)
    vector_sums = set()
    for i in range(1, len(vecs)):
        for combination in combinations(vecs, i):
            vector_sum = tuple(sum(combination, np.array([0]*len(mat))))
            if vector_sum in vector_sums:
                return True
            else:
                vector_sums.add(vector_sum)
    return False

def main():
    import sys
    n = int(sys.argv[1])
    (matrix, ij) = generate_cyclic_matrix_without_property_x(n)
    print ij
    print matrix
    print matrix.shape
    print 'Score: %.4f' % (float(matrix.shape[1])/matrix.shape[0])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Python 2 - 2-(3/n) for any n

Inspired by this question, I used De Bruijn Sequence to brute force the possible matrices. And after bruteforcing for n=6,7,8,9,10, I found a pattern that the highest solution is always in the shape of (n, 2n-3).

So I created another method to bruteforce just that shape of matrix, and use multiprocessing to speed things up, since this task is highly distributable. In 16-core ubuntu, it can find solution for n=12 in around 4 minutes:

Trying (0, 254)
Trying (254, 509)
Trying (509, 764)
Trying (764, 1018)
Trying (1018, 1273)
Trying (1273, 1528)
Trying (1528, 1782)
Trying (1782, 2037)
Trying (2037, 2292)
Trying (2292, 2546)
Trying (2546, 2801)
Trying (2801, 3056)
Trying (3056, 3310)
Trying (3820, 4075)
Trying (3565, 3820)
Trying (3310, 3565)
(1625, 1646)
[[0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0]
 [0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0]
 [0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0]
 [1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0]
 [0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
 [0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0]
 [1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0]
 [0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1]
 [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0]
 [1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1]
 [1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1]
 [1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1]]
(12, 21)
Score: 1.7500

real    4m9.121s
user    42m47.472s
sys 0m5.780s

The bulk of computation goes to checking property X, which requires checking all subsets (there are 2^(2n-3) subsets)

The code:

import math
import numpy as np
from itertools import combinations
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue, cpu_count

def de_bruijn(k, n):
    """
    De Bruijn sequence for alphabet k
    and subsequences of length n.
    """
    alphabet = list(range(k))
    a = [0] * k * n
    sequence = []
    def db(t, p):
        if t > n:
            if n % p == 0:
                for j in range(1, p + 1):
                    sequence.append(a[j])
        else:
            a[t] = a[t - p]
            db(t + 1, p)
            for j in range(a[t - p] + 1, k):
                a[t] = j
                db(t + 1, t)
    db(1, 1)
    return sequence

def generate_cyclic_matrix(seq, n):
    result = []
    for i in range(n):
        result.append(seq[i:]+seq[:i])
    return np.array(result)

def generate_cyclic_matrix_without_property_x(n=3, n_jobs=-1):
    seq = de_bruijn(2,n)
    seq = seq + seq[:n/2]
    max_idx = len(seq)
    max_score = 1
    max_matrix = np.array([[]])
    max_ij = (0,0)
    workers = []
    queue = Queue()
    if n_jobs < 0:
        n_jobs += cpu_count()+1
    for i in range(n_jobs):
        worker = Process(target=worker_function, args=(seq,i*(2**n-2*n+3)/n_jobs, (i+1)*(2**n-2*n+3)/n_jobs, n, queue))
        workers.append(worker)
        worker.start()
    (result, max_ij) = queue.get()
    for worker in workers:
        worker.terminate()
    return (result, max_ij)

def worker_function(seq,min_idx,max_idx,n,queue):
    print 'Trying (%d, %d)' % (min_idx, max_idx)
    for i in range(min_idx, max_idx):
        j = i+2*n-3
        result = generate_cyclic_matrix(seq[i:j], n)
        if has_property_x(result):
            continue
        else:
            queue.put( (result, (i,j)) )
            return

def has_property_x(mat):
    vecs = zip(*mat)
    vector_sums = set()
    for i in range(1, len(vecs)+1):
        for combination in combinations(vecs, i):
            vector_sum = tuple(sum(combination, np.array([0]*len(mat))))
            if vector_sum in vector_sums:
                return True
            else:
                vector_sums.add(vector_sum)
    return False

def main():
    import sys
    n = int(sys.argv[1])
    if len(sys.argv) > 2:
        n_jobs = int(sys.argv[2])
    else:
        n_jobs = -1
    (matrix, ij) = generate_cyclic_matrix_without_property_x(n, n_jobs)
    print ij
    print matrix
    print matrix.shape
    print 'Score: %.4f' % (float(matrix.shape[1])/matrix.shape[0])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Old answer, for reference

A solution with the shape as described by OP (n=8):

But a better one (n=8):

(95, 108)
[[0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1]
 [1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0]
 [1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1]
 [0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1]
 [0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0]
 [1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0]
 [0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1]
 [0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0]]
(8, 13)
Score: 1.6250

It also found another optimal solution at n=9:

(103, 118)
[[0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1]
 [1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0]
 [0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1]
 [1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0]
 [1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1]
 [1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1]
 [0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1]
 [0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0]
 [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0]]
(9, 15)
Score: 1.6667

import numpy as np
from itertools import combinations

def de_bruijn(k, n):
    """
    De Bruijn sequence for alphabet k
    and subsequences of length n.
    """
    alphabet = list(range(k))
    a = [0] * k * n
    sequence = []
    def db(t, p):
        if t > n:
            if n % p == 0:
                for j in range(1, p + 1):
                    sequence.append(a[j])
        else:
            a[t] = a[t - p]
            db(t + 1, p)
            for j in range(a[t - p] + 1, k):
                a[t] = j
                db(t + 1, t)
    db(1, 1)
    return sequence

def generate_cyclic_matrix(seq, n):
    result = []
    for i in range(n):
        result.append(seq[i:]+seq[:i])
    return np.array(result)

def generate_cyclic_matrix_without_property_x(n=3):
    seq = de_bruijn(2,n)
    max_score = 0
    max_matrix = []
    max_ij = (0,0)
    for i in range(2**n+1):
        for j in range(i+n, 2**n+1):
            score = float(j-i)/n
            if score <= max_score:
                continue
            result = generate_cyclic_matrix(seq[i:j], n)
            if has_property_x(result):
                continue
            else:
                if score > max_score:
                    max_score = score
                    max_matrix = result
                    max_ij = (i,j)
    return (max_matrix, max_ij)

def has_property_x(mat):
    vecs = zip(*mat)
    vector_sums = set()
    for i in range(1, len(vecs)):
        for combination in combinations(vecs, i):
            vector_sum = tuple(sum(combination, np.array([0]*len(mat))))
            if vector_sum in vector_sums:
                return True
            else:
                vector_sums.add(vector_sum)
    return False

def main():
    import sys
    n = int(sys.argv[1])
    (matrix, ij) = generate_cyclic_matrix_without_property_x(n)
    print ij
    print matrix
    print matrix.shape
    print 'Score: %.4f' % (float(matrix.shape[1])/matrix.shape[0])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()