I thought about investigating push-pull alkenes. The explosive 1,1–diamino—2,2—dinitroethylene also known as FOX-7 has a double bond with the length 145.6 pm determined by X-ray crystallography:
The evidence is in this publication and CIF. Possibly, carefully designed push-pull alkenes could do even better than this, but I don't have the computer power needed to test it.
Calculations on the B97D3/def2-TZVPP level of theory (Gaussian 09 Rev. E.01) reveal the bond length in the gas phase to be 142.4 pm, which is in quite good agreement of the crystal structure.
E(RB97D3/def2-TZVPP) = -598.257208193 C 0.04916 0.00000 -0.00001 C -1.37453 0.00031 -0.00000 N 0.80303 -1.22125 0.11237 O 0.24490 -2.28958 -0.23784 O 1.92916 -1.18705 0.58174 N -2.07141 -1.13253 -0.20314 H -3.03559 -1.17626 0.08434 H -1.51303 -1.97791 -0.31069 N -2.07092 1.13344 0.20315 H -3.03510 1.17757 -0.08431 H -1.51218 1.97858 0.31060 N 0.80359 1.22090 -0.11241 O 0.24599 2.28948 0.23787 O 1.92972 1.18619 -0.58172