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  • $\begingroup$ Check the resistance of your porous cup. What is it made of? Internal resistance of the cell can reduce the potential. $\endgroup$
    – ACR
    Commented Jan 10, 2021 at 20:41
  • $\begingroup$ Are you also familiar with Nernst equation? $\endgroup$
    – ACR
    Commented Jan 10, 2021 at 20:42
  • $\begingroup$ Yep I think I have a pretty good understanding of the Nernst equation. Would the resistance have a different effect depending on the electrolyte? Like could the resistance explain why zinc matched its theoretical value while the others didn’t? $\endgroup$
    – John
    Commented Jan 10, 2021 at 22:06
  • $\begingroup$ Since the concentration of the electrolyte is changing, I feel the resistance of the internal cell is also changing. I am talking about the resistance of the solution. Can you bring the electrodes closer and see if the potential increases. $\endgroup$
    – ACR
    Commented Jan 10, 2021 at 22:49