Rather than painted white, Boeing documents the option of keeping a fleet "polished" raw aluminium. Polished is more efficient to fly, but it requires more maintenance, buffing the entire plane multiple times a year, whereas painted aeroplanes require maintenance every 4 years... Here is an article with silver colored versus painted aeroplanes by Boeing:
here are pictures of polished aeroplanes
There are various fan pages that talk about polishing planes.
Military planes are often painted different from civilian ones and with regard to camouflage, grey, cammo, blue for sea, it's mostly fleet themes and standards.
Paint on a large plane adds something like 230 kilos, 475 lbs for a B777-200 airliner. Amercian airlines was the last to have silver aeroplanes: http://www.airlinepilotchatter.com/2013/01/new-american-airlines-livery-to-paint.html