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Oct 26, 2021 at 9:16 comment added EarlGrey @JochenGlueck In Germany the health/social insurances are included and taken off from your salary, so my definition of "taxes". I understand the situation about other countries, but considering the health insurance optional is ridicolous and a bet that only young (supposed to be) healthy people can take (I am explicitly referring to the US). So it can very well be counted in the taxes for the german salary. But I agree I am imprecise in my definition, on the other hand they are very inefficient "health system and social taxes": they are even proportional to the salary and not to the risk!
Oct 25, 2021 at 22:58 comment added Jochen Glueck [...] Regarding discrimination: For sure, I don't doubt for a second that there's a lot of discrimination happening within the German job market. Whether any particular person will experience such discrimination, and if yes to what extent, is of course impossible to predict. (Sometimes, collective wage agreements might for instance offer some degree of protection here, when the "Entgeltgruppe" is required to be associated with the specific position; but of course this protection will be far from complete, and it can only protect people from very specific types of discrimination.)
Oct 25, 2021 at 22:56 comment added Jochen Glueck Yes, indeed - actually, I was mainly thinking about health insurance, but you're of course right that it's not counted as a "social" insurance. The reason why I find the distinction (between insurance fess and taxes) important is that these fees cover a lot of (expensive) things that people need to pay from their net salary in some countries (if they would like to have, say, health insurance and a pension plan). I think comparing net salaries across countries is difficult anyway, and labelling (obligatory) insurance fees as taxes makes even more difficult. [...]
Oct 25, 2021 at 11:19 comment added EarlGrey @JochenGlueck "social insurance fees", not only, there is also the health insurance! But I always found pretty formal to call them insurance, when they are compulsory and blanket covering the population. Not forgetting the absurd minijob, where you pay no taxes but in principle you still have to pay the health insurance. Reg the difference between STEM and non STEM, if you have a non-German skin and you speak German at a level lower than B2, see ftp.iza.org/dp12358.pdf regarding german (un)succesful integreation of non-native workers.
Oct 23, 2021 at 4:22 comment added Jochen Glueck I'm not the one who downvoted, but I think some things in this answer should be adjusted. The 40% taxes you're referring to are actually not always around 40%, but depend quite strongly on the gross salary; besides, a significant fraction of them are not actually taxes, but social insurance fees. Concerning the last paragraph: this depends heavily on various individual factors. In general, positions in STEM fields are in many cases (but not always) paid better in the industry compared to universities.
Oct 22, 2021 at 19:50 history answered EarlGrey CC BY-SA 4.0